A tumor or thyroid thyroid refers to any this gland neoplasia, benign or malignant (cancer / cancer). Thyroid cancer represents about 1-2% of all cancers in the Western countries. They are more common in women.
The thyroid cancers are almost always follicular cell. These tumors arise from thyroid follicular cells, the most abundant, using iodine to produce the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which are hormones that accelerate cellular metabolism. The tumors of these cells, however, particularly carcinomas, rarely produces testosterone.
The only common malignancy that originates from another cell type is thyroid medullary carcinoma of tiróoide, which originates in the interstitial cells, the cells that produce the hormone calcitonin.
Unusual cancers include those originating from the stroma, such as lipomas, fibromas, angiomas and their corresponding malignant, and lymphomas. The metastasis of cancers of other organs to the thyroid are relatively uncommon.
Factors that increase the likelihood of developing these cancers are ionizing radiation (papillary type) and iodine deficient diet (follicular type). The vast majority of cases in Western countries, however, does not have a history of exposure to these factors.
The diagnosis and treatment of many of these neoplasms is performed with nuclear medicine techniques.
Treatment
According to experts, there are several types of treatment for thyroid problems: Radioactive Iodine is used to decrease a thyroid gland which has become enlarged or is producing too much hormone. It can be used in patients with hyperthyroidism, goiter, or in some cases of cancer. The use tablets for thyroid hormone for hypothyroidism is common for patients with goiter and for those who have thyroid surgery. In these cases, the action of drugs provides the body with the right amount of hormone balancing the body.
In cases of suspected malignant thyroid nodules, surgery is indicated complete removal of the gland, followed by radioactive iodine treatment and thyroid hormone. Radioactive iodine is often used post-surgery to kill the remaining cancer cells.
The most appropriate treatment for thyroid cancer is to remove the largest possible amount of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), to prevent cancer from spreading to other organs through the gland. All lymph nodes affected by cancer are removed. In the case of follicular cancer that develops usually at a single site in the thyroid, it is only necessary to remove half of the gland (hemithyroidectomy).
Radioactive iodine is indicated to kill the remaining cells. Generally, it is administered between three and four weeks after surgery.
When the thyroid gland is removed, is indicated continued use of thyroid hormone to replace what the thyroid produce. The thyroid hormone is also important because the TSH, which is produced by the pituitary gland, can cause cancer to develop. When the patient takes the tablets of thyroid hormone, a signal is sent to the pituitary to produce less TSH. Thus, according to experts, the thyroid hormone replacement helps restore thyroid hormone (formerly produced by your body) in order not to cause hypothyroidism. Furthermore, it indicates that the pituitary TSH is produced less in order to prevent the growth of malignant tumors.
In addition to surgery to remove the cancer, the doctor may indicate possible radiation to destroy cells that may have migrated to other parts of the body.
Currently there is already too chemotherapy for thyroid cancer.
Prevention
The factors that negatively influence the evolution of the well-differentiated thyroid cancer are:
Patients over 45 years
Tumors larger than 4 cm
Presence of distant metastasis
Presence of tumor that invades adjacent structures and is not
completely resected
Some types of more aggressive tumor
What are the tests to evaluate thyroid problems?
The tests that are often ordered to evaluate disorders of the thyroid gland are:
Thyroid hormone and TSH
They are usually ordered TSH and free T4, which are the hormones that influence clinical decisions more. They evaluate the function of the thyroid gland and the elevated TSH indicates hypothyroidism and decreased TSH indicates hyperthyroidism. In some situations are asked the total T4, total T3 and free T3.
Dosage antibody thyroid
They are asked to assess the presence of certain autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis and Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism). They are the anti peroxidase (TPO Ac), anti-thyroglobulin (TG CA) and anti-TSH receptor (TRAB).
Thyroid Ultrasound
It is extremely important to assess the presence of thyroid nodules, especially not palpable. Information such as size, location within the gland and characteristics of nodules guiding surgical decisions, as well as serve for clinical thereof. The Doppler associated with ultrasound, provides information about the vascularization of nodules, which may increase the suspicion of malignancy.
Biopsy, fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Exam key to making the decision to perform thyroid surgery, because it is more sensitive for detecting malignancy. The exam consists of harvesting cells from the nodules tieoidianos through a needle puncture guided by ultrasonografia.Basicamente or not, the results can be benign (nodular goiter, goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, cistocolóide), malignant (papillary carcinoma, medullary carcinoma or anaplastic) or suspected (follicular, follicular or Hurthle cell oncocytic, papillary pattern).
Both the results and the outcome malignant suspects are usually indicative of surgery for a suspected thyroid cancer. In many situations, only the posterior resection and pathologic analysis of the nodule will determine if the lump is malignant or not actually.
Thyroid scintigraphy
It is less an examination requested today. It evaluates the functional aspects of the gland and usually classify nodules in hot, cold or warm. Formerly the cold nodules were considered suspicious for cancer. This classification is of little use today to assess malignancy, since the fine-needle puncture is an extremely sensitive and specific.
Xray cervical
This test serves to assess whether the thyroid is causing compression and diversion structures such as cervical trachea. Increased thyroid size can compress the trachea or have growth for the chest (goiters submarining).
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
There are requests routine. They are useful in goiters bulky and submarining, and to evaluate possible invasion of adjacent structures, in cases of advanced thyroid cancer. In the latter, it is preferable resonance tomography, because the former does not use iodinated contrast, which can delay treatment with Iodine radiaotivo, postoperative surgery for thyroid cancer.
The thyroid cancers are almost always follicular cell. These tumors arise from thyroid follicular cells, the most abundant, using iodine to produce the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which are hormones that accelerate cellular metabolism. The tumors of these cells, however, particularly carcinomas, rarely produces testosterone.
The only common malignancy that originates from another cell type is thyroid medullary carcinoma of tiróoide, which originates in the interstitial cells, the cells that produce the hormone calcitonin.
Unusual cancers include those originating from the stroma, such as lipomas, fibromas, angiomas and their corresponding malignant, and lymphomas. The metastasis of cancers of other organs to the thyroid are relatively uncommon.
Factors that increase the likelihood of developing these cancers are ionizing radiation (papillary type) and iodine deficient diet (follicular type). The vast majority of cases in Western countries, however, does not have a history of exposure to these factors.
The diagnosis and treatment of many of these neoplasms is performed with nuclear medicine techniques.
Treatment
According to experts, there are several types of treatment for thyroid problems: Radioactive Iodine is used to decrease a thyroid gland which has become enlarged or is producing too much hormone. It can be used in patients with hyperthyroidism, goiter, or in some cases of cancer. The use tablets for thyroid hormone for hypothyroidism is common for patients with goiter and for those who have thyroid surgery. In these cases, the action of drugs provides the body with the right amount of hormone balancing the body.
In cases of suspected malignant thyroid nodules, surgery is indicated complete removal of the gland, followed by radioactive iodine treatment and thyroid hormone. Radioactive iodine is often used post-surgery to kill the remaining cancer cells.
The most appropriate treatment for thyroid cancer is to remove the largest possible amount of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), to prevent cancer from spreading to other organs through the gland. All lymph nodes affected by cancer are removed. In the case of follicular cancer that develops usually at a single site in the thyroid, it is only necessary to remove half of the gland (hemithyroidectomy).
Radioactive iodine is indicated to kill the remaining cells. Generally, it is administered between three and four weeks after surgery.
When the thyroid gland is removed, is indicated continued use of thyroid hormone to replace what the thyroid produce. The thyroid hormone is also important because the TSH, which is produced by the pituitary gland, can cause cancer to develop. When the patient takes the tablets of thyroid hormone, a signal is sent to the pituitary to produce less TSH. Thus, according to experts, the thyroid hormone replacement helps restore thyroid hormone (formerly produced by your body) in order not to cause hypothyroidism. Furthermore, it indicates that the pituitary TSH is produced less in order to prevent the growth of malignant tumors.
In addition to surgery to remove the cancer, the doctor may indicate possible radiation to destroy cells that may have migrated to other parts of the body.
Currently there is already too chemotherapy for thyroid cancer.
Prevention
The factors that negatively influence the evolution of the well-differentiated thyroid cancer are:
Patients over 45 years
Tumors larger than 4 cm
Presence of distant metastasis
Presence of tumor that invades adjacent structures and is not
completely resected
Some types of more aggressive tumor
What are the tests to evaluate thyroid problems?
The tests that are often ordered to evaluate disorders of the thyroid gland are:
Thyroid hormone and TSH
They are usually ordered TSH and free T4, which are the hormones that influence clinical decisions more. They evaluate the function of the thyroid gland and the elevated TSH indicates hypothyroidism and decreased TSH indicates hyperthyroidism. In some situations are asked the total T4, total T3 and free T3.
Dosage antibody thyroid
They are asked to assess the presence of certain autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis and Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism). They are the anti peroxidase (TPO Ac), anti-thyroglobulin (TG CA) and anti-TSH receptor (TRAB).
Thyroid Ultrasound
It is extremely important to assess the presence of thyroid nodules, especially not palpable. Information such as size, location within the gland and characteristics of nodules guiding surgical decisions, as well as serve for clinical thereof. The Doppler associated with ultrasound, provides information about the vascularization of nodules, which may increase the suspicion of malignancy.
Biopsy, fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Exam key to making the decision to perform thyroid surgery, because it is more sensitive for detecting malignancy. The exam consists of harvesting cells from the nodules tieoidianos through a needle puncture guided by ultrasonografia.Basicamente or not, the results can be benign (nodular goiter, goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, cistocolóide), malignant (papillary carcinoma, medullary carcinoma or anaplastic) or suspected (follicular, follicular or Hurthle cell oncocytic, papillary pattern).
Both the results and the outcome malignant suspects are usually indicative of surgery for a suspected thyroid cancer. In many situations, only the posterior resection and pathologic analysis of the nodule will determine if the lump is malignant or not actually.
Thyroid scintigraphy
It is less an examination requested today. It evaluates the functional aspects of the gland and usually classify nodules in hot, cold or warm. Formerly the cold nodules were considered suspicious for cancer. This classification is of little use today to assess malignancy, since the fine-needle puncture is an extremely sensitive and specific.
Xray cervical
This test serves to assess whether the thyroid is causing compression and diversion structures such as cervical trachea. Increased thyroid size can compress the trachea or have growth for the chest (goiters submarining).
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
There are requests routine. They are useful in goiters bulky and submarining, and to evaluate possible invasion of adjacent structures, in cases of advanced thyroid cancer. In the latter, it is preferable resonance tomography, because the former does not use iodinated contrast, which can delay treatment with Iodine radiaotivo, postoperative surgery for thyroid cancer.
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