Bruxism

Bruxism is a disorder that makes the person clenching or grinding teeth during sleep, may cause facial pain, headaches, fracture or wear of the teeth and jaw pain, known as temporomandibular disorders. Almost everyone can have this symptom eventually, but only a small percentage grinds his teeth with a lot of intensity to the point of damaging them, like the jaws.
The episodes can occur eight or more times a night and can easily wake a person sleeping in the same room.
Treatment
Reduce stress, if you suspect an abnormal extresse is causing the problem, relaxation techniques can help.
Heat the muscle of the face, put a hot towel on your face in the morning.
Chew gently, avoid foods such as hard candy, crisp bread and chewing gum;
Taking pain medication, aspirin, aceminofen;
Reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption.
Prevention
There is a plate which can be bruxism acrylic resin or silicone which prevents their teeth make contact with each other. Consult your dentist to see which one is the best treatment to be adopted.

Insomnia

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder, including sleep difficulties, staying asleep or return to sleep when he wakes up suddenly. Millions of people worldwide suffer from this condition, which is not always very clear to people.
Treatment
Initiation of treatment for insomnia is to, first, diagnose and treat medical or psychological problems that may be causing the problem. Then you should identify behaviors that may worsen insomnia and stopping them or reducing them. It is also recommended experiencing behavioral techniques to improve sleep, such as relaxation therapy, sleep restriction therapy and reconditioning. Medications may also be prescribed.
Prevention
The best way to prevent insomnia is to acquire healthy habits, eating lightly hours before bedtime and doing some exercise during the day, avoid consuming stimulant drinks such as caffeine, and go to sleep on a fixed schedule, thus avoiding that Your body becomes disregulado.

Münchhausen Syndrome

Münchausen syndrome or factitious disorder is a psychiatric disorder in which those affected feign illness or psychological trauma to draw attention or sympathy to them. Sometimes the symptoms can be induced or feigned.
Munchausen syndrome is a psychiatric disorder wherein the patient so compulsive disorder, deliberate and persistent, cause, or causes simulates symptoms of disease, without an obvious advantage to such an attitude other than that of obtaining medical and nursing .
In Münchausen syndrome, the affected person exaggerates or creates symptoms in herself to get attention, treatment and sympathy. In extreme cases, people with this syndrome have a high knowledge of medicine and can produce symptoms for unnecessary operations. For example, one can inject in the vein infected material, causing infection and prolonging their stay in hospital. It's different from hypochondriasis, patients with Münchausen know you're exaggerating, as the hypochondriac believes is sick indeed.
Types
Münchausen Syndrome "by proxy" (by proxy) occurs when a parent, almost always the mother (85 to 95%) so persistently or intermittently produces (manufactures, simulates, invents), intentionally, symptoms in your child , causing it to be considered sick or actively causing the disease, putting it at risk and in a situation that requires investigation and treatment.
Sometimes there by the mother in order to gain some advantage for her, for example, to get attention from her husband and child or move away from a house troubled by violence. In classical forms, however, the attitude of simulating / produce disease has no logical purpose seeming to be an intrinsic need or forced to assume the sick role (by the self) or caregiver of a patient (by proxy) . The compulsive behavior is considered, in the sense that the person is unable to refrain from such behavior even when knowing or warned of its risks. Although compulsive acts are voluntary, conscious, intentional and premeditated. The behavior that is voluntary would be used to achieve a goal that is involuntary and compulsive. The disease is considered a serious personality disorder, treatment and prognosis difficult. These actions are described in the treaties of psychiatry as factitious disorders.
Munchausen syndrome by proxy is a form of child abuse. Besides the classical form in which one or more diseases are simulated, there are two other forms of Munchausen: toxicological and forms of asphyxia in which the child is repeatedly intoxicated with any substance (drugs, plants etc) and almost choked to death. Often, when the case is diagnosed or suspected, it turns out that there was a story with years of developments and events, though coarse, were not considered as the possibility of child abuse. When there are other children, in 42% of cases also has another son suffered abuse (McClure et al, 1996). It is important not to confuse simulation (as simulated disease to get away from work, retire on disability, receiving insurance or not to engage in military service). Some teenagers present framework of Munchausen by self very similar to those reported by adults. The disease can be considered a form of child abuse and might overlap with other forms of child abuse. As the child gets bigger there is a tendency that it will participate in fraud and teens from becoming carriers of the classical Munchausen Syndrome typical symptoms are invented, produced simulated or herself. Unlike classical abuse and violence against children of mothers with the syndrome by proxy Münchausen are not violent or neglectful with their children. The problem, first described by Meadow in 1977, is little known by physicians and their approach is complex and must involve the physician and nursing experts in simulated disease psychiatrists / psychologists, social workers and, later, a lawyer and clinical director Hospital and child protection professionals assaulted (Guardianship Councils and judges of childhood).

Somatoform disorders

'Somatoform disorder' is a relatively new term that applies to a lot of people called 'psychosomatic disorder'.
In somatoform disorders, physical symptoms or their severity and duration can not be explained by any organic disease. The somatoform disorders include somatization disorder, conversion disorder and the hypochondria.
Psychiatrists differ considerably in their opinions about the value and validity of using these diagnostic categories. However, this distinction of different somatoform disorders psychiatrists provided a means to describe the wide variety of symptoms in those patients and to distinguish the perturbations at the base of these descriptions. The careful descriptions may help psychiatrists to sort the different disturbances, which may well be further studied scientifically.
The somatoform disorders generally have no clear explanation. Patients with a somatoform disorder can be very different. Due to not really knowing why or how people develop their symptoms, there is no specific treatment models and consensual.

Somatization is a chronic and serious characterized by many physical symptoms, particularly a combination of pain and gastrointestinal symptoms balls, sexual and neurological.
The causes of somatization are unknown. She appears often as a family trait. Persons with this disorder tend also to have personality disorders characterized by egocentrism (narcissistic personality) and a overdependence other (dependent personality).
Symptoms first appear in adolescence or early adulthood and is believed to occur predominantly in women. The male relatives of women with this disorder tend to have a high incidence of socially inappropriate behavior and alcoholism.

Treatment and Prognosis
Somatization tends to float on their severity, but persists throughout life. It is rare complete remission of symptoms for long periods. Some people become depressed more clearly over the years and its references to suicide become more threatening. Suicide is a real risk.
The treatment is extremely difficult. People with somatization disorders tend to have feelings of frustration and rage before any suggestion regarding the character of their psychological symptoms. Therefore, doctors can not treat the problem directly as psychological, though recognizing it as such. The medicines are not very helpful and even though the person go to a psychiatric consultation, specific techniques of psychotherapy have little chance of success. In general, the best treatment is a doctor-patient relationship relaxed and firm support, where the physician provides relief somatic and protects the person of possible diagnostic or therapeutic procedures very expensive and possibly dangerous. However, physicians should remain alert to the possibility of a person developing an organic disease.
Diagnosis
People with somatization are not aware that their problem is primarily psychological and therefore pressure their doctors to make their diagnostic studies and treatments. The doctor is forced to make many physical examinations and tests to determine whether the person has a physical disturbance that explains the symptoms. The interconsultation experts are frequent, even when the person has developed a reasonably satisfactory relationship with your doctor.
Once the physician determines that the change is psychological, somatization can be distinguished from other psychiatric disorders like for its large number of symptoms and its tendency to persist for many years. At diagnosis join dramatic nature of complaints and an exhibitionist behavior, dependent, manipulative and sometimes suicidal.

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Schizophrenia is a common manifestation of severe mental illness that brings a considerable "stigma" is often misunderstood. Persons who suffer from schizophrenia have thoughts, emotions and behaviors upset and feel great difficulty in assessing the reality around them. This can have a big impact on the lives of individuals and their families.
Schizophrenia is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain that send signals, leading to the perception of things (sights, sounds, thoughts) that are not real. The factors that are causing this desiquilíbio are not yet fully understood.
Treatment

The acute psychotic symptoms
Symptoms drug resistant
Prevention of relapse
Depressive symptoms associated
Approach and psychosocial rehabilitation. Antipsychotics should start at low doses and gradually increasing
70% acute episodes respond well to antipsychotics
Extrapyramidal side effects: acute dystonias, akathisia, parkinsonism
Electroconvulsive is associated with severe depression or catatonic stupor
Relapse Prevention

Pharmacological treatment maintenance reduces the risk of relapse
20% patients were stable without medication
Long-term treatment with conventional antipsychotics produces dyskinesias late chronic in about 15% of patients after 4 years. Should perform a slow reduction of doses where the patient remains symptom-free for months
Anticholinergics reduce parkinsonian side effects but increase the late dyskinesias
Family Therapy have proven effective in relapse rate

Bipolar Mood Disorder

The disease, which until recently was known as manic depression, is characterized by periods of a depression, often severe in intensity, alternating with frames opposed to depression, ie, the person has stirred up with many things to do, or even doing a lot of shopping or making spending too high and unnecessary, often accompanied by the feeling of omnipotence accompanied by insomnia and talking a lot, more than usual. This condition is known as mania. Both the frame when manic depression can last for weeks, months or years. It is important to reinforce that mania, in the medical sense, is different from mania to the layman, meaning the patient habits that the person repeats forever.
What is known about the cause of the disease, is the biological factors (related to brain neurotransmitters), genetic, social and psychological, that add up to develop the disease. In most of the genetic and biological factors can determine how the individual reacts to moments of psychological and social stress, maintaining normalcy or triggering the disease.
The most striking episodes of bipolar disorder are manic they may alternate with depression. The episodes begin to manifest around 15 to 25 years old, with many cases of women to develop between 45 and 50 years. The frequency for men and women is the same.
There are three ways where the mood disorder is manifested:
A first way would be to hypomania, which also occurs in mood elevated, expansive, eventful, but in a lighter. A hypomanic episode, unlike mania is not severe enough to cause impairment in work or social relationships, and not to require hospitalization of person.
Another way that the disease can manifest itself is the occurrence of mixed episodes, where in one day would be alternating between depression and mania. in a few hours one can cry, be sad, feeling worthless and hopeless, and the next moment be hectic, judge themselves capable of anything, or angry, talkative and aggressive.
The third way is known as cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia only where there is an alternation chronic and fluctuating mood, with numerous periods with manic symptoms and numerous periods with depressive symptoms. The depressive and manic symptoms were not sufficient nor occur in significant numbers to be sure to treat depression and mania. It would be so easily confused with the way of being the person judged as mood instability.
Treatment
Treatment after diagnosis is accompanied by precise remedies involving medications are called mood stabilizers, which lithium carbonate is the most studied and most widely used. The carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and valproic acid also are effective. The psychiatric evaluations should be maintained for a long period, and some forms of psychotherapy may help in treatment.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis must be made by a doctor based on the symptoms of the psychiatric patient. For this disease there are no laboratory or imaging tests that help in its diagnosis.

Menstrual disorders

The menstrual cycle is a process that requires extreme precision. For the process to develop properly, certain events must occur at the right time and accurate manner. Any disturbance of the cycle can reduce fertility. A regular cycle, which varies between 26 and 36 days, ovulation is usually.
• abnormal menstrual pattern
• abnormal menses (heavy or prolonged)
• absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)
abnormal menstrual pattern
Several types of menstrual disorders. Women may be affected by one or more disorders. The absence or irregularity (flow bit heavy) menstruation may indicate a problem with ovulation as a cause of female infertility. All women with irregular menses much should consult your family doctor / gynecologist to identify the root of the problem as soon as possible, especially if they wish to one day have children.
The menstrual disorders are classified as follows:
Absence of menstruation or amenorrhea menstruation at intervals greater than 6 months; generally is regarded as anovulation.
Oligomenorrhea intervals of 35 days to 6 months between consecutive periods.
Polimenorreia Intervals less than 24 consecutive days between menses.

The family doctor can tell a woman if your menstrual pattern is abnormal or not. If so, the physician also want to know if the cycle has always been irregular or has changed, and if so, where this has happened.
It may be suggested one of the following diagnoses:
• Anovulation
• Hyperprolactinemia
• polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
• Insufficient luteal
• Early menopause

abnormal menses (heavy or prolonged)
In addition to the frequency of bleeding abnormalities, defects may also occur in duration or abundance.
Hypermenorrhea excessive blood loss, but with normal intervals between bleeding and a normal length.
Menorrhagia intervals between normal bleeding, but with a very long duration (whether or not excessively abundant).
Metrorrhagia bleeding at irregular intervals, usually too long and plentiful (random pattern).

You can also experience loss of blood between periods normal. An abnormal bleeding during the menstrual cycle can be an indication of one of the following diagnoses of infertility:
• Endometriosis
• Fibroma
• Congenital anomalies (in the uterus / vagina)
absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)
Amenorrhea is the medical term that describes a situation where a woman has no hemorrhages (bleeding or already has) every month or their frequency is greater than 6 months. If a woman who had normal cycles stopped having monthly bleeding, said to be suffering from secondary amenorrhea. If the woman has never had menstrual cycles, this disturbance is by designating primary amenorrhea. A regular menstruation is a good indication of ovulation (egg release). If a woman does not menstruate, or ceases to menstruate, it is obvious that something is not working properly.
There are several factors that may contribute to the appearance of amenorrhea include:
• Anovulation
• hyperprolactinemia (excessive prolactin)
• Congenital anomalies of the uterus / vagina

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder, which means that the symptoms are disorders or abnormalities of mood. Major depression is a common disease, whose symptoms are mainly mood "depressed." Bipolar disorder involves episodes of serious mania and depression. The person's mood ranges from overly "high" and irritable to sad and hopeless until, through periods of normal mood. Differing from the normal mood states of happiness and sadness, the symptoms of bipolar disorder can be severe and even endanger their lives. However, given that several painters, musicians and writers have been suffering from bipolar disorder, the effect of this disease has been trivialized and even sometimes considered beneficial for the creativity of the artist. Indeed, for individuals affected by this disease, it is extremely distressing and disabling.
The bipolar disease is the third most common mood, following major depressive disorder and dysthymic. This disorder affects about 1% of adults during their lifetime. Typically, symptoms begin during adolescence, or a first stage of adulthood, and continue to occur periodically throughout life. Men and women are equally likely to develop this disabling illness. The consequences of this disease can be devastating and can lead to divorce, unemployment, alcoholism and drug abuse. Bipolar disorder is often aggravated by alcohol or substance abuse. Without effective treatment, bipolar disorder leads to suicide in nearly 20% of cases.
Are effective treatments available that significantly reduce the suffering caused by bipolar disorder and generally prevent its devastating complications. People with this disease can suffer unnecessarily, without proper treatment for years or even decades. In addition, some patients do not respond to at least one drug, while others do not respond to several. It should therefore be preferred to a combined treatment, given that different combinations of drugs with different modes of action can be more effectively without increasing the risk of side effects ..

Treatment
Most people with bipolar disorder can be helped with treatment. Almost everyone (even those with the most severe forms of the disease) can achieve stabilization of their mood swings. Since the bipolar disorder is generally a chronic disease and often the symptoms recur, it is highly recommended that prophylactic treatment long-term.
Medication
Various medications are used to treat bipolar disorder. Diagnosis and treatment should always be performed by a physician.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy, in association with drugs, can often offer additional benefits. Associated with pharmacological treatment, psychotherapy is often helpful in providing support, education and counseling for the patient and their family.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Bipolar disorder involves cycles of mania and depression. These two moods can be considered as the opposite extremes of a range. At one end is severe depression and then mild depression, mood disorders and brief mild (which many people call "melancholy"), normal mood, hypomania and mania.
Some people with bipolar disorder have episodes of untreated depression and repeated only an occasional episode of hypomania (bipolar II). At the other extreme, mania may be the main problem and depression may occur only occasionally.
Recognition of the various mood states is essential for the person with bipolar disorder can obtain effective treatment and avoid the negative consequences of the disease (destruction of personal relationships, job loss and suicide).

Signs and symptoms of mania periods include:
• Feelings overly "high" or euphoric
• Increased energy, activity, restlessness, racing thoughts and verbiage
• Self-esteem increased exaggeratedly
• Extreme irritability and difficulty with attention
• Reduced need for sleep
• unrealistic belief in their abilities and powers
• Ability to uncharacteristically poor judgment
• Period of consistent behavior different from the usual
• Increased sexual stimulation
• Abuse of drugs, particularly cocaine, alcohol and sleeping pills (benzodiazepines)
• Behavior provocative, annoying, or aggressive
• Denial that anything is wrong

Signs and symptoms of depression include periods:
• Sadness, anxiety or mood greatly diminished persistently
• Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
• Feelings of inappropriate guilt, worthlessness, or abandonment
• Loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, including sex
• Loss of energy, feeling of fatigue or of being a 'slow'
• Difficulty thinking, concentration, memory or make decisions
• Restlessness or irritability
• Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping
• Loss of appetite and weight, or weight gain
• Repeated thoughts of death or suicide, suicide attempts
An initial episode of illness may be hypomania, in which the person demonstrates a high energy level, mood or excessive irritability and impulsive or reckless behavior. Hypomania can be a good thing for the person who presents it, so are the family and friends learn to recognize the mood swings, because the individual often deny that anything is wrong. In its early stages, bipolar disorder may arise as a problem of several other mental illnesses. For example, it may first appear as abuse of drugs or alcohol, or poor work or school performance. If left untreated, bipolar disorder tends to worsen and the person has episodes of mania and depression clinics frank.
A severe depression and mania may be accompanied by periods of psychosis. Psychotic symptoms include hallucinations (smell, see, or feel things that are not actually there) and delusions (false beliefs based on illogical, despite the existence of evidence to the contrary).
Symptoms of mania and depression may be present simultaneously (mixed state). Symptoms often include agitation, trouble sleeping, significant change in appetite, psychosis and suicidal ideation. A depressed mood accompanies the activation of mania. Symptoms (mania, depression, or mixed state) are often limited to different episodes of the disease. These episodes are separated by periods during which the person has symptoms reduced or even absent. Some episodes may last one year while others can take as little as a few hours depending on the patient. Over time episodes become more frequent. When there are four or more episodes in a 12 month period, it is said that a person has bipolar disorder with rapid cycling. In most patients, number of episodes that occur throughout life is approximately 8 to 10, but in many cases this number is higher. In bipolar disorder with rapid cycling may arise 4 or more episodes per year.

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism is a disorder of brain development. People with autism have difficulties with communication and social interaction, may also present patterns of behavior, interests and activities outside the usual.
Doctors use the term autism spectrum disorder to include five types of autism. The three main types of autism are:
• Autism Classic
• Asperger syndrome - a milder form
• Disruption global development not otherwise specified? describes children who do not have the criteria for the other types
There are also two rare disorders of autism:
• Rett Syndrome - affects mainly girls and includes problems with movement and speech, along with autistic characteristics.
• Disruption of second childhood disintegrative - a severe type of autism, the child loses more physical skills, language and social than in classic autism.
Signs of autism spectrum disorders are usually first observed before the third birthday of the child. However, only half of children with autism are diagnosed before they enter kindergarten.
Rett syndrome appears to be caused by a genetic mutation. The causes of other types of autism remain unknown. Several studies suggest that autism may be:
• Hereditary
• caused by an infection, or secondary to the effects of environmental toxin
• The result of a brain injury or an abnormality that occurs in the womb or in early childhood
• Result of abnormal levels of chemical messengers in the brain.
The studies did not report the existence of an association between vaccination and autism.
All types of autism, with the exception of Rett syndrome, are more common in boys than in girls.
Treatment
There is no cure for autism spectrum disorders. However, the symptoms and signs of the child can improve with intensive treatment.
Treatment usually includes education, medication and a behavioral approach.
Education
Educators develop an individualized education program to address the specific problems of the child. The program usually includes speech therapy and language, and social skills training and daily life.
Behavioral approach
With the behavioral approach aims to improve appropriate behavior and reduce inappropriate behaviors. The behavior modification strategies include positive reinforcement, a strategy to break (or "time out") and comprehensive behavioral interventions. The applied behavior analysis is a teaching approach that reinforces the practice of specific skills.
Medicines
There is a drug that effectively treat all the symptoms of autism. Drugs that can be considered include:
• Antipsychotics: to reduce aggression, irritability and repetitive behaviors, these drugs may have undesirable side effects
• Antidepressants: to treat depression and repetitive behaviors
• Anxiolytic: to reduce anxiety-related behaviors
• central nervous system stimulants: to treat hyperactive and impulsive behavior
Complementary medicine
Some people believe that changes in diet, natural products and other forms of complementary medicine can help autistic children. However, there is currently insufficient information to recommend these measures.
Some of these treatments can be dangerous or have side effects, so parents should talk to your doctor about any treatment that may be considering implementing.

Prevention
The cause of most types of autism spectrum disorder remains unknown, so there is no way to prevent them

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

In obsessive compulsive disorder, or OCD, a person is bothered by intrusive thoughts and distressing (obsessions) and feel a compelling need to perform repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
Neuroscientists believe that the brain pathways involved in reasoning, planning and body movements are altered in obsessive compulsive disorder. Environmental influences, such as family relationships or events that cause stress can trigger or worsen the symptoms of this disease.
It is estimated that obsessive compulsive disorder affecting lifelong 2-3% of people in Europe and the United States. About two-thirds of people with obsessive compulsive disorder have the first symptoms before the age of 25. Only 15% develop the first symptoms after age 35. There is strong evidence that the disease has a genetic basis (hereditary) since about 35% of patients with OCD have a close family member who suffers from the same problem. Although 50-70% of patients develop this disorder for the first time after a life event that causes stress? such as pregnancy, job loss or death of a family member? experts still do not understand exactly how stress triggers the symptoms of this disease.
Sometimes people with an obsessive compulsive disorder control their obsessions without giving any outward sign that they are suffering. However, in general, attempt to relieve the obsessions performing one type of compulsion: a ritual repeated aimed calm their fears. For example, a woman who has an obsession with hands that are dirty may develop a compulsion to wash them 50 times a day. A man who fears that the door is unlocked from home may feel compelled to check the lock 10 to 20 times each night.

Treatment
The most effective treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder is the combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy.
The physician may also provide treatment for other conditions that may be contributing to the problem, such as a medical problem or a depression. It may be necessary to try more than one approach before identifying one that is suitable for the person concerned.
Antidepressant Medications
Some antidepressants are effective in obsessive compulsive disorder. Selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (SSRI / SSRISs) such as fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine and citalopram / escitalopram are often used.
In addition, tricyclic antidepressants may be effective, and clomipramine most often used for this disturbance. While this drug may be slightly more effective than the SSRIs in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder, sometimes presents side effects which are more difficult to tolerate. However, it is a good option if other medicines are not effective.
Psychotherapy
Several techniques of psychotherapy can be useful, depending on the preference of the person and the events that may have triggered the problem, as well as the availability of family support or other social support.
It is important for a person who suffers from an obsessive compulsive disorder be educated about the disease and have support from friends, family or support groups.
The cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to help the person recognize the lack of reasonableness of obsessive thoughts. The therapist sometimes teaches specialized techniques that can help extinguish the compulsions. Here are some examples:
• Exposure and response prevention? the person is exposed to situations that cause obsessive thoughts and then is prevented from performing the usual compulsive rituals. For example, you may be asked to touch a shoe person "dirty" and then is told to wait before washing their hands. The person will practice this behavior daily, gradually increasing the time you have to wait, and record in a journal their efforts.
• Reversal of habit? request is the person who uses a different answer instead of usual obsessive ritual, such as deep breathing or close fists.
• Interruption of thought - the person uses a form of distraction occurs whenever an obsessive thought. A common method is to say the word "Stop" and make snap a rubber band that is used in the handle.
• Saturation - the person focuses intensely on this obsessive thought to lose their impact and become meaningless.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy, insight-oriented or interpersonal person can help clarify conflicts in important relationships or explore the history underlying the symptoms, although the insight itself has no impact on the likely severe symptoms.
Family therapy and the therapy group have also been used successfully to treat some people with an obsessive compulsive disorder. Since this disease can be very disruptive to family life, family therapy is often recommended.

Prevention
There is no way of preventing obsessive compulsive disorder, but the negative effects can be limited if the disease is detected and treated early.

Disturbance state limit of personality

The state limit disturbance of personality is characterized by a negative self-image, a sense of emptiness and a great difficulty dealing with the fact of being alone. People with this disorder have moods intense and highly reactive and unstable relationships. Their behavior may be impulsive and also have a higher than average likelihood of attempting or committing suicide. Sometimes, with no intention of committing suicide, can harm to themselves (eg, by cutting or burning) as a form of self-punishment or to combat a feeling of numbness.
When subjected to stress, people with a state limit disturbance of personality may develop psychotic-like symptoms, with distortion of perception or of thought and a commitment to the reality check. Especially in intimate relationships, tend to misinterpret or amplify what other people feel about them. For example, assume that there may persecutory feelings of hatred or when a friend or family member may be only slightly annoyed or angry.
The personality disorders develop as a result of both environmental and biological factors. Some researchers have suggested that the disturbance "borderline" personality stems from a childhood in which abuse or neglect occurred because a significant number of people with this disorder refers to a history of childhood abuse.
The experts also suggested that people with this disorder may have inherited a difficulty regulating their mood or anxiety, and may be more vulnerable to loss and more sensitive to stress than the average.
Beginning to be understood how these characteristics are reflected in the brains of people with a disturbance "borderline" personality. Some people with this disorder have an exaggerated response to unpleasant stimuli by surprise, with a different functioning of the brain regions involved in the management of fear and control of aggressive responses. The researchers also discovered distinct patterns in hormone levels and immune system of people with this disorder.
People with a disturbance "borderline" personality have a huge fear of being abandoned and compete for social acceptance, they are terrified of rejection and often feel alone even in the context of an intimate relationship. Thus, it is more difficult for them to cope with the normal ups and downs of a romantic relationship. The impulsive and self-destructive may constitute an attempt to protect themselves from being growing anxiety associated with the fear of being left alone.
The other side of fear is hope that a relationship is absolutely perfect. People with this disorder may idealize a relative, a friend or a romantic partner and then become enraged when an inevitable disappointment, that person may be responsible for the pain they feel and devalue the relationship.
It is quite common for people with a state limit disturbance of personality have also a mood disorder, an eating disorder or a substance abuse problem. The person may turn to alcohol or drugs to escape painful emotions as uncontrollable.
The disturbance "borderline" personality is diagnosed three times more often in women than in men.
Treatment
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is an essential aspect of the treatment of the state limit disturbance of personality.
The problems associated with this disorder are the usual forms of the person to relate to others and deal with obstacles. People with this disorder tend to idealize the therapist or to feel frustrated easily, presenting exaggerated reactions of disappointment. Thus, it may be difficult for them to maintain a relationship with a mental health professional. This perturbation tests the skill of practitioners, who have to use a combination of techniques to be effective.
It is not enough for a person with this disorder learn strategies to deal with problems on an intellectual level. The main challenge of the person is to learn how to tolerate emotional discomfort that is common in relationships and dealing with the intense emotions more successfully.
One form of treatment called dialectical behavior therapy seeks to take into account the special problems of disturbance "borderline" personality, using a combination of techniques of psychotherapy, education and psychotherapy both individually and as a group to support the progress of the patient.
We also successfully used structured forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy. In one version, psychotherapy focused on the transfer, the psychotherapist and the patient closely assess emotional issues that arise between them. People with a disturbance "borderline" personality are considered to have great difficulty in understanding the difference between their own perspective and that of others (including the therapist). Thus, and in a way, the goal of therapy is to get these guys to understand this difference and use what they have learned to cope in a better way with their own feelings and behaviors.
Whatever the approach used, the treatment aims to help the person cope with feelings of isolation, depression and anxiety without resorting to self-destructive behavior or a suicide attempt. Many people have difficulty discussing the self-destructive impulses with your health care professional, but it is important to be able to do it. Can be established specific plans to get help when these thoughts or impulses arise. Sometimes a hospital stay is required during periods of crisis.
Outside the hospital, a person with a disturbance "borderline" personality may need additional support, such as a daily treatment program, residential treatment or group therapy for couples or families. Given that research in this area is limited, it may be sensible to employ a combination of techniques psychotherapy.

Prevention
There is no known way to prevent disturbance "borderline" personality. Once identified, the treatment will likely increase the probability of obtaining relief with respect to the most painful aspects of this disorder.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

The schizotypal personality disorder, and other personality disorders, behavioral pattern consists of a long term. As part of this pattern, the individual reveals difficulties functioning in their normal life or experience a considerable amount of distress during it.
Individuals suffering from schizotypal personality disorder are loners who prefer to remain on the sidelines of others and feel uncomfortable in a relationship. Sometimes exhibit a strange speech and behavior and have a relatively small range of emotions. This behavioral pattern begins in early adulthood and is maintained throughout life.
Those who suffer from this disorder also tend to fall often in markedly illogical thinking, with odd beliefs or unusual ideas that do not agree with the ideas prevalent in their society, such as a deep-rooted belief in extrasensory perception. Can report unusual perceptions or unusual bodily experiences.
The schizotypal personality disorder is somewhere in the middle of a broad spectrum of related disorders, and in the end lighter, say, is a schizoid personality disorder, while at the opposite end, the most serious cases, is schizophrenia. These disorders are most likely rooted in issues related biological. Many experts believe that people with such disorders show similar genetic vulnerabilities, but the reason given individual develops a more mild or more severe disease remains unclear.
Many people with schizotypal personality disorder reveal problems, albeit subtle, in terms of memory, cognition, learning and attention. Normally does not exhibit the symptoms of psychotic severe and debilitating, such as delusions or hallucinations which arise in cases of schizophrenia. However, it is not uncommon for people with schizotypal personality disorder are ultimately develop schizophrenia.
The schizotypal personality disorder is more common in men than in women. Clinical manifestations of depression and anxiety are very common. About half of the people suffering from this disorder will eventually suffer at least one episode of severe depression at some point in your life. This disorder may be aggravated by stress.

Treatment
The schizotypal personality disorder usually is treated by a combination of medication with psychotherapy.
Is prescribed medication if there are notable clinical manifestations of the disease. The illogical thinking may be treated with antipsychotics such as risperidone or olanzapine. A low dose should be sufficient. Since depression and anxiety can be treated by antidepressants and anxiolytics common.
Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder may find psychotherapy particularly difficult because a key part of the disturbance is precisely the inability to establish interpersonal relationships. The therapist will therefore that foster a relationship of trust by accepting that the individual feels the need to maintain a certain distance.
Since people suffering from this disorder have difficulties in social interaction, very often it is necessary to teach them social skills specific, explaining, for example, that certain behaviors may be perceived by others as rude or socially desmobilizadores. Similarly, a therapist will help the patient with schizotypal personality disorder to understand the extent to which their thought patterns and perceptions are distorted, and the best way to deal with them.
The difficulties in social interactions can make these individuals feel disappointed with themselves and lead to serious problems of self-esteem throughout life. It is important that these kinds of issues is a major focus of attention in supportive psychotherapy.
If the person has symptoms or moderate, it is quite possible that can fit on a social level with relatively little specialized help. If, however, the symptoms are more severe, a person who suffers from schizotypal personality disorder may experience great difficulty in keeping a job or even live independently. The routine social interactions inherent in any workplace can be quite problematic situations and cause great anxiety. Moreover, they may not be able to carry out daily tasks as mundane as shopping. People with this disorder, therefore, require much support from his family circle or, in his absence, need a highly structured environment of a typical situation of internment. On the other hand, one can greatly benefit from a type of work that does not require wide contact - or any contact - with other people, as well as a supervisor sympathetic and able to adjust effectively to their eccentricities.

Prevention
There is no known way to prevent the onset of this disorder but effective early intervention can significantly reduce symptoms and improve the patient's functioning in the long run.

Delusional Disorder

The disorder is classified as a delusional psychotic illness in which a person has difficulty recognizing reality. The delusions are a false belief based on incorrect interpretation of reality and, like all psychotic symptoms may occur as part of many different psychiatric disorders. The term "delusional disorder" reserves for when the delusions are the most prominent symptom and are not present criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
A person with this disease remains firmly one false belief, despite clear evidence or otherwise of a proof. In delusional disorder, delusional ideas involve circumstances that could occur in reality although they are unlikely (for example, the family that lives next to the patient is planning to kill him). Sometimes, delusional ideas are considered "odd" (for example, the sense of being controlled by an external force or have thoughts introduced into his head) and this type may be more common in schizophrenia. A cultural or religious belief that is accepted by other members of the community the patient is not considered a delusional idea.
There are several types of delusions. The themes of persecution are common, but besides these there are delusions of an erotic nature, grandiose, jealous or somatic (ie, on the body). People with a delusional disorder or hallucinations commonly have a serious problem humor (as would be the case of a depression). Unlike people with schizophrenia, these people tend not to seem "strange" and not show emotions out of the ordinary.
When hallucinations occur, they may be extensions of the delusional belief. For example, a person who has the delusion that the internal organs are rotting may have hallucinations or olfactory sensations associated with this delusion.
Since people with delusional disorder are aware that their beliefs are unique and not shared by others, usually do not talk about them. If its functioning is impaired, as is usually the direct result of delirium. Thus, the disturbance can only be detected by observing the behavior is a consequence of belief. For example, a person who fears being murdered can leave the job or stay at home with shutters all races, never venturing out.
The risk of developing a delusional disorder, lifelong is less than one in 1,000. Its cause is not known.
Treatment
The treatment of this disorder is a challenge, especially if delusions are long lasting. Antipsychotic drugs may be useful. Since patients usually do not believe they have a mental illness, they may even refuse to psychotherapy. However, the support, reassurance and an indication of the difference between reality and the symptoms may be helpful if the person is willing to meet with a therapist. It may also be useful family education on how best to meet the needs of the person.
Prevention
There is no known way to prevent this disease.

Stress Disorder Post-traumatic

The disturbance of post-traumatic stress is characterized by the occurrence of symptoms of distress and disturbance after an event deeply frightening to the individual. Typically, those who suffer from this disorder was himself a victim of this traumatic event or witnessed it personally and very closely, but the disorder can also be due to the fact that a loved one this individual was the victim of an act of violence. The (s) event (s) that cause (s) the disturbance must have had serious and painful physical consequences for the victim, or have meant a serious threat to life or physical integrity.
Exposure to violence through the media (whether through articles, news or other situations) is not usually considered a traumatic incident for diagnostic purposes, unless this is part of the working life of the person who develops symptoms (as is the case, for example, police or response teams for emergency or catastrophe).
Some examples of trauma capable of triggering a disturbance of posttraumatic stress include:
• Traffic accidents serious air disasters or shipwrecks
• serious industrial accidents
• Natural disasters (tornadoes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions)
• Robberies, assaults and shootings
• Military operations / combat (the disturbance of posttraumatic stress disorder was first diagnosed in soldiers and was known as "shock post-bombing" or "war neurosis")
• Rape, incest and child abuse
• Abduction and kidnapping
• Situations of torture
• Imprisonment in concentration camps
• Refugee status
Nevertheless, exposure to situations with this extreme level of stress does not imply that the victim will automatically develop this disorder. In fact, most people which are exposed to trauma terrible fail to develop the disease. The severity of the trauma is not directly proportional to the severity of symptoms. The answers to each of the individuals exposed to situations of great violence varies greatly, and may even result in the emergence of disturbances or mental illness of another order.
Disruption of acute post-traumatic stress is the name given to disease when symptoms become apparent within one to three months after the event (s) of event (s) traumatic (s). The term disorder PTSD with delayed onset applies when symptoms show six or more months after the trauma.
The reasons why some people seem more inclined to come to develop stress disorder post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are not clear. Some people may have a greater predisposition to develop the disease due to genetic factors (hereditary), which make it react more intensely to stress or violence. Another way of putting it is that certain people seem to be born with a greater capacity to respond to trauma, endowing it with greater psychological resistance. Thus, the personality or temperament of each individual can affect the type of consequences that result from trauma. The experience of life afforded by previous trauma (especially in childhood) and the type of social support available to (the fact of whether or not friends and family who care about you and wish you well) can also play a role in whether a people can come or not to develop symptoms of PTSD.
As will be understood, people with impaired posttraumatic stress have a higher probability of suffering from a personality disorder. They are also more likely to suffer from depression or substance abuse.
Although PTSD can occur at any age, occurring most frequently in the range of young adults than in any other group. This may be due to the fact that young adults are most frequently exposed to the kind of trauma capable of triggering the disease. The risk of developing PTSD also appears to be above average in the case of poor, unmarried or socially isolated, perhaps because possession of less support and fewer resources to deal with the trauma they have suffered.

Treatment
The treatment of this disorder, which usually consists of a combination of medication and psychotherapy can take a long time, which explains the high dropout rate of patients. Some researchers found that three in four people suffering from PTSD treatment drop out. However, the treatment can provide good results since they are followed rigorously.
Medication
People respond to extreme stress in many different ways. The doctor may recommend medications to the patient to relieve the symptoms more pronounced. In controlled studies, antidepressants have proved useful, although there is no clear evidence about which is the most beneficial and effective for this purpose. Several kinds of drugs are commonly prescribed to treat the disorder of post-traumatic stress, but treatment can vary greatly from case to case:
• Anti-depressants - selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs or, in English, SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants and several new-generation antidepressants are used frequently in the treatment of chronic problems of anxiety, depression and irritability. SSRIs include sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine and escitalopram. In the case of an SSRI is unsuccessful, or if the patient can not tolerate their side effects, the physician may suggest one of the newer antidepressants market, such as venlafaxine, or an older tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine or amitriptyline.
• Anxiolytic - Benzodiazepines are a group of drugs effective in the treatment of anxiety and, in particular, symptoms of PTSD. This group included drug diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam and lorazepam. These drugs allow rapid relief of anxiety symptoms, but there are concerns about the possibility of causing addiction and dependency. Fortunately, a study of long term impact held in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic, these did not develop disorders associated with the use of benzodiazepines. Alternatively, doctors may prescribe anxiolytic buspirone, which takes more time than benzodiazepines to take effect but can be, in certain patients, administration safer long term.
• Mood stabilizers - These drugs are used to treat mood swings alone or in combination with antidepressants or anxiolytics. As examples highlight the valproic acid and lithium.
• Adrenergic Inhibitors - these are divided into two groups, alpha-adrenergic agonists (eg clonidine and prazosin) and beta-blockers (such as propranolol and metoprolol). This medication alters the processes of nerve transmission that highlight physical anxiety symptoms such as tremors or rapid heart beat. Although in theory this medication can block the symptoms of PTSD, studies to date have not demonstrated their effectiveness in preventing and treating the disorder.
Psychotherapy
The primary aim of psychotherapy is to help the person cope with difficult and painful memories and manage your emotional and physical reactions to stress. A variety of techniques may prove useful. Regardless of the technique that can be used, learn as much about the human response to trauma is something valuable. Psychotherapy and learning about the disorder can help family members understand the disease and deal with its effects best.
The fact that you have gone through a terrifying experience can dramatically change the way a person sees the world. Coping with stress resulting from a traumatic event can be even more difficult and complicated if one come as a victim and build their self-image based on his experience as a victim of violence. If psychotherapy helps reinforce this vision can become counterproductive. Through psychotherapy, the patient may recognize that tragedy, violence and evil are part of the set of human experiences, discovering that the thirst for revenge or the desire for compensation are normal, and also learn that, after all, much of its life remains under their control. The goal of this therapy is to help the person make the most of life despite the suffering caused by violent and traumatizing experience.
There are two techniques that can serve the interests of the patient with disturbance of post-traumatic stress, is quite common in therapeutic practice combining elements of both:
• Psychodynamic psychotherapy, which focuses on how the trauma limits their ability to manage emotions or calm down in situations of pressure and stress. Psychotherapy takes into account the unique experience of each individual. People often feel overwhelmed by the detailed recall of traumatic events. As such, it is not a good idea to devote too much attention to the trauma itself, especially in the initial phase of psychotherapy. In later stages, when the patient feel more secure and comfortable, it will be possible to confront ideas and situations that somehow hinder the reconstruction of the concept that the individual has of himself. In short, the reconstruction of traumatic events should not be an end in itself.
• Cognitive behavioral therapy helps the patient to change the pattern of negativity that marks the thought of the victims in post-traumatic situation. Among these there are various types, who want to teach the person to recognize the origin of symptoms and modify their physical and psychological reactions to traumatic memories.

Prevention
There are certain injuries that can not be avoided, but benefit from therapy and psychological counseling and support after the traumatic event can provide a great relief to the victims of violence. The patient should not let others force them by describing in detail the trauma because such conversations may expose him again to the traumatic event and cause the relive the mental level. (A technique known as "debriefing recent critical stress" has not proved effective in reducing the risk. Indeed, research indicates that even this technique may, however, increase the risk of an individual developing posttraumatic stress disorder traumatic. debriefing The term refers to a process that involves very detailed questions about a traumatic experience.)
Not all victims of trauma treatment they want and that is something that should be respected, since most people can recover is the same on their own, with the help of his family and friends. It should, however, be provided treatment to all who wish it and feel the need. In the aftermath of a traumatic event, health professionals must first meet the basic needs of the victim, whether physical or emotional, providing them with a minimum of security and availability.

Disruption of somatization

A person with somatization disorder are chronically concerned about numerous symptoms "somatic" (physical) over many years, but that can not be fully explained by a psychiatric diagnosis does not. The symptoms cause a significant discomfort or impair the functional capacity of the person.
The person is not "pretending". The somatization disorder is a medical problem, but it is probably related to brain functioning or an emotional regulation and not with the body area that became the focus of attention of the patient. The symptoms are real and are not under the conscious control of the person.
People with somatization disorder of multiple medical problems relate over many years, involving several different areas of the body. For example, the same person may have back pain, headaches, chest discomfort and urinary or gastric complaints. Women often report irregular menstrual periods while men can relate erectile dysfunction (impotence). The person may:
• Describe the symptoms in terms of dramatic and emotional
• Searching for more care than a physician while
• Describe the symptoms in vague terms
• Do not show signs of a medical condition defined
• Refer complaints suggestive of diagnostic medical tests that do not confirm.
People with somatization disorder also have medical illnesses that can be diagnosed by the doctors should be careful not to devalue the symptoms too easily.
A person with this disorder may also present symptoms of anxiety and depression, to the point of feeling hopeless and attempting suicide or having difficulty in adapting to stressful situations of life. A person can abuse alcohol or drugs, including medicinal products subject to medical prescription.
Spouses and other family members may become stressed because of the person's symptoms are prolonged for long periods and do not appear to improve with medical treatment.
The symptoms of the disorder, somatization culture vary, depending on how often the disease or the "paper patient" are considered in a given culture. Cultural factors also affect the proportion of men and women with this disease.
The female relatives of people with somatization disorder are more likely to develop the disease. The male relatives are more likely to develop alcoholism and personality disorders.
Scientists do not know the cause of the symptoms reported by people with somatization disorder, but there are some theories. You can, for example, that people with this disorder perceive bodily sensations in a manner outside the usual or can describe the feelings in physical terms (rather than in terms of mental or emotional). Trauma or stress can cause physical sensations of the individual to shift.
Treatment
People with somatization disorder may find it difficult to accept the referral to a mental health professional or accept that the assessment and treatment fail to provide relief of symptoms. These individuals are particularly sensitive to the stigma associated with mental illness. Moreover, sometimes are rejected by a subset of physicians who do not consider their symptoms as a legitimate cause for concern.
Ideally, a family physician and a mental health professional working together, the physical symptoms of the person can be evaluated while this gets help to deal with the frustration of not having a clear diagnosis and a plan treatment.
The treatment of mental health can sometimes reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. There is some preliminary evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy can help reduce symptoms or to cope with anxiety or depression companions. Sometimes, an antidepressant or other psychiatric medication can provide relief of physical symptoms that stem from somatization disorder (especially if they also suffer from anxiety or a mood disorder). Treatment aims often deal with conflicts at home or face secondary problems, such as difficulties at work and in social functioning.
Psychotherapy can help a person cope with chronic physical discomfort. The control of stress (e.g., through relaxation techniques) may be useful. Some cognitive-behavioral therapists teach patients to identify the thoughts and feelings that are associated with changes in physical symptoms and may help the individual to reduce the tendency to "search the body" or perform constant monitoring of bodily sensations.

Prevention
Although there is no way to prevent this disease, a correct diagnosis of somatization disorder can help a person avoid excessive medical examination. This represents a challenge for a person with this disorder as for the physician, since onset of symptoms may be caused by a different medical problem.

Panic disorder

A panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. A person suffering from panic disorder have frequent episodes of what is known as panic attacks, episodes consisting of recurrent unexpected characterized by extreme anxiety and fear accompanied by physical symptoms similar to those triggered in the body in response to a danger imminent.
When in danger (imagine, for example, confronted with an armed criminal), the body begins to prepare for a reaction like "flee or fight." The heart rate speeds up and blood flows in the arms and legs causing a tremor or tingling sensation. You can start to sweat profusely and blush. Below is an increasingly intense state of fear, excitement and alertness. When people suffer a panic attack, these changes occur even if there is any sign of danger or threat. At the peak of a panic attack an individual may even feel a sense of unreality or a lag with respect to the real world. You may worry about death, fear of suffering a heart attack, losing control or, simply, to "lose his mind".
Some people with panic disorder suffer several panic attacks daily, while others may have only occasional episodes separated by several weeks or months. But once that panic attacks may occur without notice, even during sleep, people who suffer from this disorder are usually anxious and fear the occurrence of an episode at any time. They are concerned not only with the anguish, suffering psychological and physical discomfort that causes a panic attack, but also with the fact that his extreme behavior during an episode might cause them embarrassment or scare others. This unwavering fear and anticipation of the episode can make people end up attending avoid public places, especially in times or places where it would be difficult or embarrassing exit quickly and discreetly.
This fear is called agoraphobia. Individuals who suffer from agoraphobia may, for example, avoid watch shows very crowded, either open or closed; wait in line at a store, traveling by bus, train or plane, or drive on roads with bridges or tunnels.
Although the researchers did not fully understand why some people develop panic disorder, it is believed that this disorder is related to a change in brain connections processing and regulating emotions. Furthermore it is possible that individuals suffering from this disorder have inherited - due to genetic factors - a feedback mechanism such as "fight or flight" deregulated, which is more sensitive than normal or reacts in a more intense than would be expected.
Research involving close relatives of people who suffer from panic disorder demonstrate that diabetes has a genetic (hereditary). These close relatives have four to eight times as likely to develop the disorder than people without a family history of the disease. Moreover, women have twice as likely to develop panic disorder when compared to males and three times more likely to suffer from agoraphobia. On average, the symptoms are manifested for the first time around 25 years, but panic disorder and agoraphobia can affect people of all ages.
Some individuals with panic disorder are the first symptoms after a traumatic event in nature, such as a divorce, loss of job or death of a loved one. Scientists still have not figured out exactly what it takes to trigger a panic attack, but there are growing scientific evidence pointing to the fact that being exposed to situations of great stress early in life can make a person more likely to come to suffer from panic symptoms.
People suffering from panic disorder have an increased risk for the development of other types of psychiatric disorders. Indeed, it appears that, when the panic disorder is diagnosed, more than 90% of the people who suffer it also presents a picture of severe depression, an anxiety disorder otherwise, one or a Personality Disorder scenario of abuse of any substance.
Treatment
There are a variety of treatments - either psychotherapeutic or pharmacological - that you can use:
• Anti-depressants - Despite being associated with treatment of depression, these drugs have shown to be very effective in the treatment of panic disorder. Have a beneficial effect mainly by the action they exert on serotonin, one of the chemical messengers in the brain uses of responses processing anxiety. The popular selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (SSRI or in English SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline and paroxetine, are widely used. Both the oldest antidepressants, tricyclic - nortriptyline and imipramine as other antidepressants have also new generation remarkable therapeutic results. All antidepressants take several weeks to take effect, and as such, the doctor may prescribe the intake of fast-acting benzodiazepines to allow more immediate relief of symptoms.

• Benzodiazepines - This group of drugs acts on another chemical messenger involved in the mechanism of brain fear response, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Examples of benzodiazepines are clonazepam, lorazepam, diazepam and alprazolam. These drugs are safe if they are used according to prescription and often provide rapid relief of symptoms of panic.
However, this therapy should be prescribed as a rule only to be taken in a relatively short period of time, since the body becomes accustomed to the ease with some effect. On habituation, benzodiazepines may pass to provide fewer relief to the patient as time passes. On the other hand, can still give up this withdrawal reactions if medication is discontinued abruptly. The withdrawal ("weaning") of benzodiazepines should be done gradually and under medical supervision.
However, this medication has proven to be an important therapeutic tool in treating the short term, so the doctor will probably recommend it during the first weeks of treatment while waiting for the positive effects of anti-depressant medication to enter.
• Cognitive therapy - This non-therapeutic drug was designed with the aim of making the person who suffers from panic attacks understands the illogic of their fears. The therapist sometimes prepares the patient teaching her specialized techniques that help you manage your panic attacks.
• Behavioral therapies - These treatments include: the technique of in vivo exposure, a form of behavioral therapy that gradually exposes the individual to situations potentially fear-inducing, respiratory training, a technique focused on the control of breathing as a way to combat the feeling of panic, and the applied relaxation, a method that teaches the patient to control their anxiety levels by regulating muscle and the use of imagination.
For many patients, the most efficient approach involves a combination of one or more drugs in conjunction with a form of cognitive or behavioral therapy.
Prevention
There is no way to avoid panic disorder. Nevertheless, it may be possible to eliminate some episodes of panic attacks cutting the consumption of caffeine, alcohol, or other substances that can trigger manifestations of symptoms. Once diagnosed, treatment often eliminates panic attacks or at least makes them less intense.

Disruption of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD)

The main features of the deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or in Portuguese, ADHD) are in his name. The attention problems include "daydreaming", have difficulty concentrating and are easily distracted. Hyperactivity refers to restlessness or agitation. A person with the disorder may be impulsive or disturbing, may have relationship problems and may be prone to accidents. The hyperactivity and impulsivity improve, often as the person matures, but attention problems tend to extend into adulthood.
The hyperactivity disorder attention deficit disorder is diagnosed, usually in childhood, can appear in a variety of forms and have many causes. People with ADHD have probably an underlying genetic vulnerability to develop, but the severity of the problem is also influenced by the environment. The conflict and stress tend to aggravate it.
The ADHD is the most common problem seen in outpatient mental health institutions (ie without inpatient) of children and adolescents. It is estimated that ADHD affects between 5% and 10% of school-age children. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than girls. Studies suggest that there was a significant increase in the number of ADHD diagnoses with the years, but there are still doubts about whether there is actually a greater number of people with the disorder or whether this difference is explained by the diagnosis be made with greater frequency. The definition of the disorder has changed over the past decades and will continue to evolve as experts have more explanations about the biology associated with this situation.
The hyperactivity component is less apparent in adult ADHD. Adults tend to have problems with memory and concentration problems and may have to organize themselves and make commitments at work or at home. As consequences of malfunction may develop anxiety, low self-esteem or mood problems. Some people turn to substances to cope with these feelings.
Treatment
Although no treatment to completely eliminate ADHD are available many useful options. The goal of treatment is to help children improve their social relations, doing better in school and reduce their harmful or disruptive behavior to a minimum. The medication may be very useful and often required, but the drug treatment itself is seldom the solution. In general, medication and psychotherapy together provide the best results. For example, can take up a behavioral program where structured set realistic expectations.
For many decades they use stimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamines forms. They are relatively safe and effective for most children to help them focus their thoughts and control his behavior. With the development of forms of long-acting stimulant, a dose in the morning can provide an effect that lasts throughout the day.
Despite its name, the stimulants do not cause increased hyperactivity or impulsivity. If the disturbance has been properly diagnosed, medication has in fact the opposite effect. The common side effects are mild decreased appetite, weight loss, stomach pain, sleep disturbance, headache (headache) and anxiety. A dose adjustment may often help eliminate these problems. The stimulant drugs are associated with some concerns and serious side effects:
• Tics. There is some evidence that tics (uncontrolled movements) are more likely in patients with a family history of tic disorders, but this is still controversial.
• Substance abuse. Although stimulants may be (and often are) used in excess, recent research shows that, in fact, can reduce the risk of substance abuse for people with ADHD.
• Delays growth. Experts disagree as to the effects of stimulants on growth. There is some evidence that children taking stimulants grow at a rate lower than expected. Some doctors recommend a provisional stop taking stimulants during periods of high growth will expectedly.
• Cardiovascular risk. Children taking stimulants have small increases in blood pressure and heart rate. However, the occurrence of significant cardiac complications in children, adolescents and adults taking these drugs is extremely rare. The stimulants are not an excessive cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents except in patients who already have heart defects or underlying disease.
Given that risks vary greatly depending on the individual, it is essential to discuss with your doctor the potential benefits and risks of each treatment.
Also available are not exciting other medications for treating ADHD. Atomoxetine, which works by a mechanism different chemical, is as effective as stimulants for the treatment of ADHD and is a relatively safe drug, but has a rare risk of liver toxicity. The anti-depressant bupropion is useful in some cases and, in general, is also well tolerated, but should not be given to people with a history of seizures.
Other approaches to treatment, used alone or in combination, may include:
• Behavioral therapy - are techniques that attempt to improve the behavior, usually to reward and encourage desirable behavior and discourage undesirable behavior, highlighting the consequences.
• Cognitive therapy - This is psychotherapy designed to change thinking in order to increase self-esteem, avoid negative thoughts and develop problem-solving techniques.
• Training of social techniques - Developing techniques improves social friendships.
• Education and support of parents - training classes, support groups and counselors can help support parents, teaching them strategies for dealing with behaviors related to ADHD.
Given that many children with ADHD are affected by bad grades and behavior problems at school, schools may have to make adjustments and educational interventions (such as an individual education plan) to promote the best possible learning environment for the child.

Prevention
Do not fully understand the exact cause of ADHD, there are many factors associated with its development. There may be difficulty in avoiding these factors, but controlling them may reduce the risk of developing the disorder:
• Psychosocial Adversity - severe marital conflict, criminal behavior of the father, the mother's mental disorder, poverty, child's placement in foster homes
• Complications during pregnancy or childbirth - poor maternal health, fetal disorder, low birth weight
• Premature birth
• Use of tobacco, alcohol or other substances by the mother during pregnancy
• Lead poisoning - although exposure to lead does not contribute to many cases and many children who are exposed to lead not develop ADHD
Research shows that food probably NOT cause ADHD.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

In generalized anxiety disorder, there are feelings of worry or anxiety frequent or almost constant. These feelings are unusually intense or out of proportion with regard to problems and real risks of everyday life of the person.
The disturbance is defined as persistent concern daily or almost daily for six months or more. In some cases, a person with generalized anxiety disorder feel that is or ever was a person who cares, even since childhood or adolescence. In other cases, anxiety can be triggered by a crisis or a period of stress, such as job loss, family illness or death of a family member. Although the crisis will eventually pass and stress disappear, can remain an inexplicable feeling of anxiety for months or years.
Besides suffering from constant worry and anxiety (or ending), people with generalized anxiety disorder may have low self-esteem or feel insecure because they perceive the intentions of the people or events in negative terms or interpret them as threatening or critics. Physical symptoms may lead them to seek treatment with the family physician, a cardiologist, pulmonologist or gastroenterologist. Stress can intensify anxiety.
Experts believe that some people with this disorder have a tendency genetic (hereditary) for its development. The disturbance originates probably in the way a variety of brain structures communicate with each other in managing the response to fear. The chemical messengers, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin transmit signals over the circuits connecting brain regions. The medications used to treat anxiety affect these chemicals.
Women are twice as likely to develop the problem than men. The average adult seeks medical help for the first time between 20 and 30 years of age. However, generalized anxiety disorder can occur at any age and has been diagnosed in children, adolescents and the elderly. This disease is the most common anxiety disorder among people aged over 65 years.
Of all psychiatric disorders, generalized anxiety disorder to which it is less likely to occur alone. Between 50% and 90% of people with the disorder also have at least one other problem, usually panic disorder, phobias, major depression, dysthymia (a less severe form of depression), alcoholism or some other form of substance abuse.
Treatment
The most effective treatment for generalized anxiety disorder is generally a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Research shows that the use of both has a positive effect more lasting than each one individually. The doctor may also offer treatment for other problems that may be hampering the recovery, such as physical status changes or depression.
Medication
It may be necessary to try more than one approach before finding the suitable. Many different types of medications can relieve anxiety. We present here the most commonly prescribed classes:
• Anti-depressants - Despite its name, many of these drugs are very effective for anxiety and are a first line treatment for anxiety disorder, especially when long term or when the person is also depressed. These drugs act by altering the courses of action of serotonin, one of the chemical messengers involved in anxiety response in the brain. Use is often popular selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs or in Portuguese SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, sertraline and paroxetine. Besides these, there are other classes of antidepressant effective, including tricyclic antidepressants, older such as nortriptyline and imipramine, and newer drugs venlafaxine and duloxetine. Given that often antidepressants take several weeks before making the desired effect, the doctor may also prescribe a fast acting benzodiazepine for relief.
• Benzodiazepines - This group of drugs affects other chemical messenger that works in the brain system response to fear - gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Among the benzodiazepines are clonazepam, lorazepam, diazepam and alprazolam. Medicines are very safe and often provide quick relief of symptoms of anxiety. Since act immediately, may be prescribed during the first weeks of treatment pending the antidepressant medication to take effect. Another reason why these drugs are prescribed for a relatively short period of time is the tendency to habituation of the body to its effect, which causes less provide relief over time. Stopping these medications should be done gradually and under the supervision of a doctor because it may cause withdrawal reactions.
• Buspirone - Buspirone is an anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) that can be effective for generalized anxiety disorder. However, its use is much less frequent than the drugs listed above. As the antidepressants, are usually requires two to three weeks to take effect.
Psychotherapy
There are several techniques of psychotherapy that may be useful for a patient with generalized anxiety disorder:
• The cognitive-behavioral therapy helps you recognize and change patterns of little logical thinking and behavior.
• The psychodynamic psychotherapy or oriented insight (insight) helps you understand the history behind the symptoms. For example, it may be more aware of how old fears have brought to the present day. This insight can help you face challenges with more confidence.
• Interpersonal psychotherapy can help you understand the conflicts that cause anxiety in important relationships and resolve them more effectively.
• The exposure and desensitization is a behavioral technique that gives support so you can confront and overcome a specific fear. It is particularly useful when anxiety prevents the execution of important tasks or the assumption of responsibility.
• Relaxation techniques applied to teach people with generalized anxiety disorder to control symptoms while using imagination and muscle control. Relaxation techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing, meditation and visualization, can alleviate some of the physical symptoms more bothersome.
• Biofeedback uses special sensors attached to the skin to teach people with generalized anxiety disorder to recognize changes in anxiety-related physiological functions, such as heartbeat, skin temperature and muscle tone. With time and practice, patients learn to modify these changes related to anxiety and anxiety effect control throughout the body.
The therapist can combine with the patient either approach described above or other consideration - for example, meditation, hypnosis or exercise practice - so that the approach fits the specific problems and needs of the person.

Prevention
Given that stress is a normal part of life, there is usually a way to prevent generalized anxiety disorder in someone who is vulnerable. However, from the time it is diagnosed, various treatments can effectively reduce symptoms.

Disorder Anti-Social Personality

The disturbance antisocial personality, like other personality disorders, is a pattern of behavior and experience that affect the long-term operation and causes distress or disability.
People with a disorder antisocial personality do not follow the norms of society, are misleading and intimidating in relationships and do not respect the rights of others. Individuals with this personality type may be involved in criminal activities without repenting of their harmful actions. Can be impulsive, irresponsible and sometimes violent. This disorder is much more common and more apparent in men than in women.
People with a disorder antisocial personality, in general, do not value "play by the rules"? only do so if they are threatened with punishment. This attitude leads to a tendency to exploit others, since there is a use of correctness or of other good heart and an attitude of indifference or even cheeky about their victims. A person with this disorder have little or no capacity for intimacy with another person and any lasting relationships will probably involve some degree of abuse or neglect. However, these people are sometimes fascinating and can be good actors who use lies and distortions of the truth to maintain relationships. In some cases the disorder antisocial personality no other purpose beyond the pleasure to deceive or harm others.
People with a disorder antisocial personality does not seem to care about anyone but themselves. They may be able to understand the emotions of others but do not feel any shame or guilt for the pain they may be causing. Instead, use your knowledge of the weaknesses of others for favors or to manipulate a result. A person with this disorder usually does not take responsibility for their own suffering and will blame others when things go wrong. Many individuals suffer, since they deceive themselves and live lives without many of the pleasures that are enjoyed by people who have a greater ability to have relationships and mutual satisfactory.
People with this personality disorder may also have other mental health problems such as chronic boredom or irritability, psychosomatic symptoms, gambling addiction, abuse alcohol or other substances and a variety of mood disorders or anxious. Have a higher risk of suicide and a significant number had behavior problems or attention deficit disorder in childhood.
The disturbance antisocial personality is probably caused by a combination of factors:
• Environmental Influences: A chaotic family life with lack of supervision contributes to the development of this personality disorder, which may be more common in cases where the community does not provide support or provides scant reward for positive behavior. In some situations, there may even be a strengthening of sociopathic behavior.
• Genetic factors (hereditary): Researchers have identified certain physiological responses that may be specific to people with a disorder antisocial personality. For example, these individuals have a comparatively uniform response to stress, seems to be less anxious than the average, and seem to have more difficulty remain alert during the day. Also present a "reflection of surprise" weak, ie, a low involuntary response to loud noise. This relative insensitivity can affect learning ability with the punishments and rewards.
• Brain Structure: The frontal lobe, the area of ​​the brain that controls judgment and planning, also appears to be different in people with a disorder antisocial personality. Some researchers have found changes in the volume of brain structures that mediate violent behavior. Thus, people with this type of brain function may have more difficulty restrain their impulses, which may be responsible for the trend towards a more aggressive behavior.
Treatment
Multiple techniques have been proposed for the treatment of psychotherapy disturbance antisocial personality. In younger individuals, the family or group psychotherapy can help change destructive patterns of behavior, teaching new skills and professional relationship and strengthen the social support person. Psychotherapy can also help a person with this disorder learn to be more sensitive to others' feelings and encourage new ways of thinking productive and socially acceptable in relation to the objectives and intentions. Cognitive therapy seeks to modify the sociopathic ways of thinking, while behavioral therapy uses reward and punishment to promote more adaptive behavior.
In some cases, symptoms may be treated with medication. Selective inhibitors of serotonin reuptake (SSRI / SSRIs) such as fluoxetine and sertraline may decrease irritability and aggressiveness. These drugs are particularly useful in the case of presence of anxiety and / or depression.
There are many questions about the utility of any of these interventions in a condition in which, by definition, people who are affected not recognize they have a problem. Treatment is more likely to be successful if started early on in life, but the patterns of thought and behavior rooted in a long time are hard to change. Moreover, the longer the person living with this personality style is less interested in taking responsibility for change. In some people, the tendency for aggressiveness and irritability decreases with age, but certain personality traits may persist.
Often, the only protection for victims of anti-social behavior is the criminal justice system. In rare cases, the correction systems (jails / prisons) provide opportunities for treatment or rehabilitation but, in general, these environments, where there is abundance of antisocial individuals, only promote an anti-social behavior.
Prevention
There is no way to prevent this problem. An improvement in the person's social environment can reduce the severity of the problem, especially if changes are made early in life.