Diphtheria

Main characteristics and symptoms:

Nasal forms: Similar to the common cold, with runny nose and fever. The way pharyngotonsillar is the most frequent, with fever, malaise - being and sore throat.

Laryngeal Form: Sets a framework acute laryngeal, dry cough, hoarseness, stridor (noise caused by larynx during the passage of air) and difficulty breathing.

Involvement in other areas: The skin is most common. Vagina, ear and eye conjunctiva are rarely affected by diphtheria bacilli.

Incubation: Between two and four weeks from the beginning of development.

Transmission to: For intimate contact, as well as droplets and nasopharyngeal secretions.

Treatment aims to fundamentally eradicate the infectious agent. It relies on the use of diphtheria serum and antibiotics. General therapeutic measures relate to food, moisture and hygiene.

Isolation: With the use of a specific treatment, the isolation can be suspended in the order of 2 to 3 days.

Complications in children: It predominantly affects children living in poor hygiene conditions, and is defined clinically localized skin presence of pseudomembrane, start, almost always in the pharynx.

Complications in adults may observe evidence of the involvement of multiple organs and tissues in diphtheria. The most common complications and greater clinical significance are related to the heart, nervous system, kidneys, the adrenal glands to. The airway obstruction by secretions accumulated pseudomembranes and is a frequent cause of death.

Prevention: Vaccine.

Immunity: Vaccine or infection.

Meningococcal meningitis types A, B, C

Main features: Meningococcal disease character infectagioso happens predominantly in children over 6 months of age. Has endemic and occurs worldwide.

Incubation ranges from 2 to 10 days.

Main symptoms: high fever, vomiting and skin lesions (petechiae and ecchymosis - skin rash, burgundy / purple, which indicate bleeding).

Transmission: Direct contact, atravé nasopharyngeal secretions of asymptomatic carriers of the bacteria and sick.

Treatment: Administration of specific antibiotic for 10 days.

Isolation: Up to 24 hours after the beginning of specific treatment.

Diagnosis: Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid sample and the material obtained in skin lesions.

Complications: The duration of the disease can occur seizure. During convalescence may be changes in vision and hearing, and the degree of intellectuality.

Prevention: Avoid agglomerations during epidemic periods and vaccinate - if.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the liver due to infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Treatment

Acute hepatitis needs no treatment other than careful monitoring of liver and other body functions with blood tests. The patient needs to get plenty of rest, drink plenty of fluids and eat healthy.

Rarely develops liver failure, but if so, you may need to do a liver transplant. Liver transplantation is the only way to guarantee a cure in some cases.

Some patients with chronic hepatitis may be treated with antiviral drugs or a drug called pegylated interferon. These drugs can reduce or eliminate hepatitis B blood and reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The transplant is to treat severe liver damage caused by chronic hepatitis B.

Patients with chronic hepatitis should avoid alcohol and always check with your doctor or nurse before taking any over the counter medicine or herbal supplements. What even includes medications such as acetaminophen, aspirin or ibuprofen.

Prevention

All children should receive their first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth and should complete the series of three vaccines until 6 months. Young people under 19 who have not been vaccinated should update their vaccines.

People at high risk of contamination, including health professionals and those who live with someone who has hepatitis B need to be vaccinated.

Newborns whose mothers are infected with hepatitis B at the time or have had the infection should receive a special vaccination that includes hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B immunization in the first 12 hours of life.

The screening of all donated blood has reduced the chances of contamination by hepatitis B in blood transfusion. A notifiable disease allows health professionals to track people who were exposed to the virus. The vaccine is given to those who have not yet developed the disease.

The vaccine or the hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) may help prevent infection if applied up to 24 hours after exposure.

Habits to prevent transmission of hepatitis B:

• Avoid sexual contact with a person who has acute or chronic hepatitis B.

• Use condoms and practice safe sex.

• Avoid using personal belongings of others, such as razors or toothbrushes.

• Do not share drug needles or instruments of other drugs (such as straws for sniffing drugs).

• Clean blood stains with a solution containing 1 part bleach to 10 of water.

Hepatitis B (and hepatitis C) can not be transmitted by casual contact such as holding hands, sharing cutlery or cups, feeding, kissing, hugging, coughing or sneezing.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium that affects the lungs, but can also occur in other organs of the body such as bones, kidneys and meninges (membranes surrounding the brain).

Prevention

To prevent tuberculosis is necessary to immunize children with BCG. Seropositive children or newborns who show signs or symptoms of AIDS should not receive the vaccine. Prevention includes avoiding crowds, especially indoors, and do not use objects contaminated people.

Treatment

Tuberculosis treatment using antibiotics is 100% effective, however, there can be abandoned. Tuberculosis cure takes six months, but the patient often does not receive appropriate clarification and gives up ahead of time. To avoid abandonment of treatment is important that the patient be accompanied by teams of physicians, nurses, social workers and visitors properly prepared.

Polio

Synonyms: Polio

Polio is a viral disease that can affect nerves and lead to partial or total paralysis.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to control symptoms while the infection is ongoing.

People with severe cases may require emergency measures, especially help to breathe.

Symptoms are treated based on its severity. Treatments include:

• Antibiotics for urinary tract infections

• Medications (such as bethanechol) for urinary retention

• Moist heat (hot water bottle, hot towels) to reduce pain and muscle spasms

• Analgesics to reduce headache, muscle pain and spasms (narcotics are not normally used because they increase the risk of respiratory distress)

• Physical therapy, orthotics or orthopedic boots or orthopedic surgery to help regain strength and function of muscles

Prevention

The polio immunization (vaccination) effectively prevents poliomyelitis in most people (immunization is effective over 90%).

Flu

Also known as influenza, influenza is an infection of the respiratory system whose main complication is pneumonia, responsible for a large number of hospital admissions in the country. The disease begins with high fever, usually above 38 ° C, followed by muscle pain, sore throat, headache and dry cough.

Fever is the most important symptom and lasts around three days. Respiratory symptoms such as coughing, become more evident with disease progression and maintained, usually for three to four days after the disappearance of fever. It is a very common disease worldwide, and a person can acquire influenza several times throughout his life. It is also often confused with other respiratory viruses and, therefore, its definitive diagnosis is made only by specific laboratory tests.

Every year, with winter approaching, we begin to worry about avoiding respiratory diseases that commonly called the flu. Although we use the term generically to refer to symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing, headache, flu and colds are caused by different viruses and have some characteristics that allow its differentiation.

While most people are infected during a few times with cold viruses, influenza occurs less frequently manifested, for example, once every few years.

Treatment

There are no medications that have shown good results in combating the virus flu and cold. Therefore, treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms. The main drugs used are symptomatic analgesics and antipyretics, pain relievers and fever.

Warning: even medications that can be purchased without a prescription can cause unwanted reactions. Only your healthcare provider may indicate the drug most appropriate for each case.

Prevention

The vaccine is the best way to prevent influenza and its complications. Every year, it is necessary to receive a new dose, because its composition is changed according to the type of virus most likely to spread. The vaccine prevents approximately 70-90% of cases of influenza but will not protect against other respiratory infections such as the common cold.

The preventive effect of the vaccine is observed about two weeks after administration. Therefore, the application of the vaccine should be done before winter, a time when higher rates of infection. As the virus used in the vaccine was inactivated in the laboratory can not cause influenza vaccination.

Adverse reactions that may occur are usually mild, such as soreness at the injection site, fever and malaise, lasting one or two days. There is evidence that those who receive the vaccine every year develops greater resistance to disease, so all the people who had access to the vaccine should receive it annually. For the cold, there is still no vaccine available.

Molluscum Contagiosum

Infectious disease caused by a virus. The infection causes the appearance of pustules, whose interior features a half white pearly appearance. Breaking up leaves a white substance solidified medium. Inside, there is a tremendous amount of viruses. Due to allergic reaction to the virus can arise hives around the vesicles, causing itching.

Treatment

Remedy (to pass)

one may use antiseptic remedies or nitrate of silver, but their effectiveness is not established.

Remedy

One can make use of Chinese medicines (chinese medicinal therapy) for 1 or 2 months and but their effectiveness is not established.

Extraction

with tweezers, remove pustules and then sterilize. Children often cry a lot. Even ending up with all the pustules, they may again reappear.

Wait until it heals

until the pustules disappear, usually take a while, but even not making any treatment, it disappears.

Make an inquiry before deciding what action will be taken acimas. It may be a good idea to exterminate the pustules at sites more visible when they are in small numbers.

Prevention

If after swimming pool, you notice a ball in your child's body like a wart, beware: it may have been contaminated by the virus Poxvirus, known as molluscum contagiosum and responsible for a relatively common disease in young children attending pools club. In addition, children with atopic dermatitis may be more prone to the disease due to a low natural resilience of the skin.

According to dermatologist Fernando Passos de Freitas, in some children, molluscum contagiosum spreads rapidly reaching hundreds of injuries. Mainly affect the trunk and the root of the members.

- The lesions are usually asymptomatic, but can occur slight pruritus. With different sizes and grouped lesions that look like small warts often become red and inflamed. Can be shiny or have a small depression in the center - explains.

While it is most common in children, molluscum contagiosum can also affect adults.

- In this case, the lesions are located in the lower quadrants of the abdomen, pubic area, genitals or inner thighs - adds.

Males pool childhood

In general, the lesions of molluscum contagiosum does not hurt, does not itch and do not usually ignite. Any part of the body can be affected, however, has rarely appear on the palms and soles of the feet. Typically, the infected child has less than 20 mollusks in various parts of the body.

The problem can be verified between two and eight weeks after the skin has been infected by the virus. Typically, each molluscum contagiosum survives about 6 to 12 weeks and disappears. The virus is transmitted, so it is crucial to avoid sharing personal items such as towels, slippers and swimsuits. In heated pools, the problem may be more frequent because the heat and humidity favor its development.

The virus is different from other skin diseases, as well as not cause itching, pain and severe infection, also leaves no scars, and can only leave the skin whitish for a while.

Whooping cough

Infectious disease caused by bacteria pertussis. It is a very dangerous disease for infants because it can cause respiratory arrest. Children and adults can also be infected but with less consequences, with only one strong and prolonged cough.

Treatment

You take medicine to combat cough and antibiotics against the pathogen.

Bring back to the hospital

cough is very strong, almost preventing breathing.

not very well, for a cough vomit several times.

has a fever.

Prevention

Only individuals who have already purchased the disease or received DTP vaccine (three doses) are not at risk of acquiring it. There individual characteristic that predisposes to the disease, except the presence or absence of specific immunity. Thanks to vaccination programs, the incidence of pertussis cases in Brazil (which has already reached nearly 36 000 reported cases per year between 1981 and 1991) has been reduced.

Streptococcus infection

Disease caused by streptococci. The main symptoms are fever and sore throat, but can also appear tiny and red rashes in the body, hands and feet. The tongue is the appearance of a strawberry with small red bubbles protruding.

Treatment

It is taken antibiotics for 10 or 14 days. The yields fever within 1 to 3 days. However, stopping the use of drugs, the fever reappears. Moreover, taking the form of unregulated drugs can cause the appearance of other problems such as inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) and rheumatic fever.

Care should be taken at home.

Can infect family. While everyone does not heal, it may be that the disease strikes again.

Prevention

The infection caused by Streptococcus suis, one animal disease, is common among pigs. Spreads by contact between sick animals noses or droplets of saliva released within walking distance. In most cases, the pigs infected with Streptococcus suis not bear any symptoms of the disease. People become infected with streptococcus suisatravés direct contact with infected pigs or handling raw pork infected, a common cause.

Once the bacterium Streptococcus suis is entering the body through skin wounds or cuts, can cause sepsis and meningitis or less common, but also possible, endocarditis, arthritis, and bronchitis. The deafness, which may prove to be permanent, it is also one of the complications derived features of Streptococcus suis infection. We pay special attention to contact you live hogs, raw or derived from pork.

According to the World Health Organization, and cook the pork eliminates germs that it may exist. Hence, the public should not worry too much with streptococcus suis infection via consumption of pork. People should, instead, observe environmental and personal hygiene, avoid contact with sick pigs, with their carcasses or excrement and remember to wash your hands thoroughly after contact with pigs. All these precautions combined dramatically reduce the risk of infection by Streptococcus suis

Fever pharyngo conjunctivitis

Infectious disease caused by viruses. You can catch mainly in pools, but there may be infection elsewhere. Causes high fever of 39 º to 40 º C (especially at night) for 5 days on average. Often causes sore throat and congestion of the conjunctiva membrane (eyes), and may also cause headache, stomach ache and diarrhea.

Treatment

There is no medicine to cure the disease specifically. You can give drugs that attenuate fever and aches.

Care should be taken at home.

High fever: despite the continuing high fever for a few days and cause seizure, taking care not to overdose remedy against fever.

Foods: foods that give easily pass through the throat and liquids that do not irritate.

Bathroom: avoid giving baths until the fever and improve appearance.

School: only after the fever.

Bring back to the hospital

Unable to swallow liquids, is dehydration.

Have continuous high fever for more than 3 days.

Are not feeling well, discouraged or powerless.

Prevention

> The infected person should adopt some methods to avoid spreading the disease to other people.

> Wash your hands often, especially after handling the runny eyes or eye drops

> Only use tissue paper to clean the eyes and discard it later. Do not use handkerchiefs

> Avoid greet or kiss people

> Do not share towels, pillowcases, cutlery etc. .. with others

Remember that the transmission of conjunctivitis can occur for several days even after treatment started. While your eye is red or secretion you can transmit conjunctivitis to others.

Sudden rash

Infectious disease caused by the herpes virus that affects 6 children 4 months to 2 years. After three days the fever begins to download and rashes appear, then the diagnosis is possible.

Treatment

There is not a specific drug for the disease, one can use drugs to treat symptoms such as fever, etc..

Care should be taken at home.

High fever: causes concern for being high fever but take the same precautions that are taken normal to the ordinary fever.

Milk: dilute the milk if you can not take. Give enough boiled water, apple juice, etc..

Chin: temporarily stop if diarrhea and lack of appetite.

Showering, bathing if you have fever and is unwell.

Prevention

Although there is no vaccine or effective preventive measures.

Infection of the hands, feet and mouth.

Infectious disease caused by a virus that occurs mainly in the summer. As there are several types of viruses causing disease can contract it again several times. Healing after a few days.

Treatment

There is no treatment epecífico. You can give drugs to combat pain and fever

Care should be taken at home.

Food: if you have pain inside the mouth, giving foods that do not irritate.

Bathroom: having no fever, and being well prepared, can bathe.

School: If you are well prepared, there is no problem in going to school.

Bring back to the hospital

If you are not drinking fluids.

If you have high fever continuously for more than 3 days.

If you vomit, do not have the strength, is exhausted.

Prevention

HFMD prevention revolves around avoidance of infected individuals. Infected children are isolated and prevented from attending school or day care centers especially in the first week to prevent spreading.

Children manipulation infection, especially in kindergartens need to frequent hand washing practice and through cleaning of surfaces after removing or changing diapers and diaper, before and after eating and after sneezing or coughing and tissue manipulation etc.. with the throat or nasal discharges.

Toys and surfaces must first be washed with soapy water and then wipe with a dilute solution of bleach.

Herpes angina

It is a type of influenza caused by viruses summer. There are several viruses that cause herpangina, which can cause the outbreak several times. The disease causes high fever of 38 º to 40 º C for 1-4 days appearance of blisters on the tongue and inside the throat, that once broken saw stomatitis causing much pain.

Treatment

There is no medicine to cure the disease. There are remedies to relieve fever and pain.

Care should be taken at home.

Food: giving easily digestible food (soft or pasty), with little seasoning.

Liquids: take plenty of fluids that do not irritate the throat.

Bathroom: except when a high fever and not in a good mood, you can take a quick shower.

School: If you do not have a fever and appetite has returned, there is no problem in going to school.

Bring back to the hospital

Unable to take fluids and is very depressed, powerless.

Have continuous high fever for more than 3 days.

Prevent the spread and future crises

To prevent the spread of infection, wash your hands and your child's hands often. Make sure it does:

• having blown the child's nose

• after changing a diaper

• after using the toilet

• before preparing food

There is no vaccine against the virus.

Signs and symptoms

The herpangina and FMD can both begin with fever, sore throat and a general feeling of malaise for several days before the rash appears in the mouth. Children may not want to eat and get very irritable. Older children may complain of headache, sore throat and lack of energy.

Erysipelas Erythema or infectious

Infectious disease caused by human parvovirus B19 virus.

Treatment

There is no drug that can cure the disease. When the itching is very strong, applies medicine.

Care should be taken at home.

Food: eat normally.

Bathroom: can bathe but if you stay too long in the hot water, the redness increases.

Other: there may be a resurgence of redness to the sun or when the body temperature rises due to exercise, or be influenced by temperature too cold. A pregnant woman can miscarry if infected.

School: when rashes appear, has passed the period of contagion in this case can go to school normally.

Prevention

During the incubation period, which is from one to eight days, the symptoms are malaise, depression, headache, nausea and vomiting accompanied by high fever and the appearance of red spots, small or large blisters on the legs, face, trunk or arms. At first, the skin appears smooth, glossy, red and hot. The swelling increases and bubbles come with the development of infection.

Laboratory tests are used only to monitor the patient because the diagnosis is made by clinical examination by analyzing the signs and symptoms presented by the patient.

• Chickenpox Chickenpox

Contagious disease caused by the herpes zoster virus.

Treatment

Using a drug to counter the proliferation of herpes zoster virus, the disease is not caused major problems.

May be prescribed oral medications like ointments against itching.

When there is suppuration, one can simultaneously use anitibióticos.

Care should be taken at home.

Food: if there feridinhas mouth, take foods that do not irritate.

Bathroom: the principle, not bathing. If the rash (irritation) is very strong and does not have a fever and are well prepared, you can take a bath in the shower.

School: when eruptions dry (crusts), you can go to school.

Bring back to the hospital

If the rash fester and swell or inflame.

If fever persists for more than four days, are exhausted and unwilling.

Are not feeling well, discouraged or powerless.

Prevention

Chickenpox is an airborne disease and is highly contagious even before the rash breaks out, which makes prevention difficult. It is possible to catch chickenpox from a person who is in another aisle in the supermarket and do not even know who has chicken pox!

The chickenpox vaccine is part of routine immunization.

• Children receive two doses of the traditional chickenpox vaccine. The first dose is given 12 to 15 months of age. The second dose is received from 4 to 6 years of age.

• People over 13 who have not been vaccinated and contracted chickenpox should not take two doses of vaccine at a specified interval 4-8 weeks.

Virtually anyone who takes the vaccine arrives to present moderate or severe chickenpox. The small number of children who contracted chickenpox after receiving the vaccine, only one child presented a mild case.

The chickenpox vaccine does not require a booster later. However, a vaccine similar, but different, later received reduces the incidence of herpes zoster (shingles).

Talk to your doctor if you think your child may be at risk of complications and may have been exposed. Immediate preventive measures may be important. Vaccination after exposure can also reduce the severity of disease.

Mumps

Contagious disease caused by the mumps virus.

Treatment

There is no medicine to cure the disease. They can be used drugs to alleviate the pain. If you want, you can use cold compresses.

Food: Avoid sour foods or needing to be well chewed.

Bathroom: Avoid bathing when a fever and sore.

School: while swollen, stay home.

Bring back to the hospital

When you have severe headache and vomiting repeatedly.

Continuous fever for more than 3 days.

If swelling below the ear turns red.

If the testicles are sore.

Prevention

- Babies should receive the vaccine is given between 12 and 15 months of age (between 4 and 6 years is enhanced);

- Avoid contact with saliva and secretions from the airways of people with the disease.

Rubella

Contagious disease caused by the rubella virus. It is also known as measles three days. Rubella in early pregnancy can also cause abnormalities in the baby.

Treatment

There is no specific medicine to cure the disease. There are remedies for itching, pain and fever.

Care should be taken at home.

While you have rashes, stay home. Taking general care.

School: If you do not have a fever or rash, you will school.

Make a doctor's appointment if the child is very depressed, helpless and fever lasts more than three days

Prevention

There is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent rubella. The rubella vaccine is recommended for all children. It is usually applied in infants 12-15 months, but sometimes it is administered before and during epidemics. A second vaccination (booster) is routinely applied in children between 4 and 6 years. The MMR is a combined vaccine that protects against measles, mumps and rubella.

Women of childbearing age usually do a blood test to see if they are immune to rubella. If they are not immune should avoid becoming pregnant for 28 days after receiving the vaccine.

People who should not be vaccinated are:

• Pregnant women

• People whose immune systems are affected by cancer, drugs with corticosteroids or radiotherapy.

Take great care not to apply the vaccine in a woman who is already pregnant. However, in the rare cases in which pregnant women were vaccinated, no problems were detected in babies.

Measles

Infectious disease caused by the measles virus. Being a highly contagious disease and frequent appearance of complications from other ailments, is considered a serious disease.

Treatment

There is a way to heal properly measles. It may be however, make use of drugs to alleviate the strong antibiotics and cough prevention of pneumonia and other drugs.

Care should be taken at home

Food: drink plenty of fluids and if he can eat, give food for easy digestion.

Bathroom: if 3 days after the fever, cough and reduce child seem more willing, you can bathe.

School: after after more than three days after the fever have yielded, can go to school.

Prevention

The disease becomes more severe when it hits when nursing mothers, malnourished children and adults. Vaccinate is the most effective means of preventing measles. The vaccine is available at clinics for children from 12 months old.

Influenza

Infectious disease caused by viruses. There are types A, B and C. The types that are most frequently infected people are type A Hong Kong, Russia A and B. Highly contagious, usually often infecting entire families, classmates, etc.. Symptoms are more severe than a normal flu.

Fever: is quite high, and lasts about 3 to 7 days. Fever can download over 1 or 2 days later she reappears. The fever comes and goes.

Whole body: drowsiness, lack of appetite.

Pain: headache, joints, muscles, etc..

Belly: frequently arise pains, vomiting and diarrhea.

Examination

With a cotton swab, etc., cut up a bit of the material of the throat or nose to check for viruses. It takes about 20 minutes.

Treatment

Uses drugs to fight the virus.

Care should be taken at home

Home: at first, rest at home. Even if the fever sag, do not go away to school.

Temperature: temperature.

Food: if you can eat, give food for easy digestion. Give plenty of fluids.

Bathroom: Avoid until the fever passes

* Consult your doctor if you notice anything unusual.

Prevention

The Secretariat for Promotion, Primary Care and Health Surveillance and Promotion of Health Superintendence disclose information about swine flu (H1N1 virus).

The University Gama Filho, through the initiative of the Integrated Public Health (NISC), aiming to contribute to the health of the population, passes instructions and makes the alert for the whole society be careful!

Basic information:

- Viruses that cause influenza can survive 2-8 hours places like doorknobs, desks, railings, etc.. Then, wash your hands frequently and vigorously; use soap and water and scrub between your fingers. You have to wash for 20 seconds, which is the time it takes you to sing "Happy Birthday" two times;

- Avoid getting touching your eyes, nose and mouth if you have your hand leaning somewhere with the virus, you can become contaminated;

- Cherish your health: sleep well, avoid stress, exercise and eat healthy foods;

- Avoid crowded places and keep the environment fresh with the windows open;

- Do not use cups, cutlery and towels used by others without first washing them with soap and water.

For more information on disease prevention, prevention vejadicas the Ministry of Health

Now if you are with the virus, prevent it from spreading to your family and friends. The recommendations are:

- Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, throw the used tissue in the trash, then wash your hands or pass alcohol gel rub until it disappears;

- If you do not have a tissue, cough or sneeze in your arm or sleeve, not hands;

- Try to stay at home for seven days and avoid hugs, kisses and handshakes.

For more details on the H1N1 virus, check the Protocols Influenza - Diagnosis and treatment. Preventive measures for health services, organized by the Secretariat of Health Care - Superintendent of Units Owned by the Secretariat and the Hospital Care, Emergency Department.