Osteopetrosis

Bone

Genetic Disorder

Osteopetrosis Causes

Genetics

Osteopetrosis Symptoms and Signs

Vision Loss (Found In Some Cases)

Dilation - Spleen

Infections (Recurrent)

Anemia

Deformation

Slow Growth

Fragility - Bone

Hearing Loss (Found In Some Cases)

Paralysis (Found In Some Cases)

Deformation - Head

Malformation - Teeth

Pains In Head

Pain

Dilation - Liver

Found in

Men

Women

Children

Hereditary

Yes

Contagious

Not

Treatment

Transfusions

Supplementation

Prevention

Unknown

Genetic Counseling

Interstitial Cystitis

Interstitial cystitis or chronic interstitial cystitis is a clinical syndrome that affects the lower urinary system, causing urinary symptoms and pelvic pain in the absence of other identifiable causes. It is also called Painful Bladder Syndrome.

Diagnosis

Exclusion criteria are accepted: urinári daytime frequency less than 5 vezes.Urodinâmico with uninhibited contractions of the detrusor, bladder capacity greater than 350mL or 150mL with no urgency serves to rule out the diagnosis. Absence of nocturia and frame duration less than 9 months. At cystoscopy with hydrodistension (80 cm H2O) is expected: Petechiae - 10 per quadrant - at least 3 quadrants, hemorrhagic areas, linear fissures, trabeculations, Hunner's ulcer (10% of patients).

Cystoscopy is also important to exclude bladder carcinoma.

Treatment

The treatment can be behavioral, medical or surgical. The escollha the best option will depend on careful medical evaluation.

Treatment may initially be behavioral: Food (sodas, chocolate, acidic juices), eliminate coffee / cigarette, exercise, stress reduction, bladder training, biofeedback.

The oral medication can be done with sodium pentosan polisufato, tricyclic antidepressants, antihistamines and anti-convulsants.

The topic intravesical drug-like Dimetyl Sulfoxide.

The surgery is hydrodistension under anesthesia.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammation of the glands of the breast caused by the accumulation of milk and occurs more frequently in the postpartum period, especially during the first pregnancy. Mastitis can occur in one breast or both breasts and features are red, hard, hot and painful.

The way to avoid inflammation is not allowing the accumulation of milk in the ducts. In such cases, the mothers should perform a massage on her breasts in hot shower after breastfeeding. To remove the excess milk, just do a massage on the areola and the rest of the breast with his hand outstretched. Then, one must hold the breast with the thumb and index finger over the beak down and make a movement 'tightens and loosens'.

The gynecologist Andrea Godoy Lopes warns that this method is correct only when there is no mastitis within doing an exercise prophylactic, or preventive. "When there is inflammation or infection, women should not use high temperature on the breasts, which increases the inflammatory process."

Treatment of mastitis is usually done with anti-inflammatories, antibiotics and ice packs. Any method must be indicated solely by the doctor accompanying the mother and baby.

Prevention

Very common about two weeks after delivery, then this inflammation of the udder infection reaches happens and when it produces more milk than needed

The baby just suck, but still milk left chest? So, treat immediately to massage the breasts to remove what's left. This care is important, especially in the early days of breastfeeding when the mother can produce more milk than the child needs. In this case, if the milking is not done, the liquid stopped breast can harden and turn a full plate for bacteria.

Hence, it is a leap to mastitis, an inflammation then infection that affects the mammary glands. "This is an opportunistic disease, which usually occurs about two weeks after birth," explains the nurse Marcia Regina da Silva, in charge of the course of pregnancy and Maternity Hospital, in São Paulo. According to her, are more susceptible to evil mothers who do not rest properly, not to mention that they do not feed or rehydration adequate to compensate for fluid loss during breastfeeding.

Treatment

The doctor will tell you what the medication that the mother should follow. However it is crucial that the mother:

- Rest,

- Remove the milk manually or with extractor,

- Continue to breastfeed side unaffected if therapy is instituted not harmful to the baby.

Usually the situation improves for one or two days.

Thrombosis

Synonyms: deep vein thrombosis, blood clots in legs

Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel located within a body part, usually the legs.

Treatment

Your doctor will prescribe a medication to thin your blood (called anticoagulants). This will prevent clots from forming or longer than the former become greater. These drugs can not dissolve existing clots.

Heparin is generally the first drug administered.

• If heparin is administered intravenously (IV), you must stay in the hospital.

• newer forms of heparin may be administered by injection once or twice per day. You may not need to be hospitalized, or have to stay a short time, if prescribed this newer form of heparin.

A drug called Warfarin (Coumadin) is usually initiated with heparin.

• intake warfarin is orally. It takes a few days to full effect.

• Heparin should not be stopped until warfarin have been given the correct dosage for at least 2 days.

• You probably take warfarin for at least 3 months. Some people should take it for the rest of their lives, depending on the risk of having another clot.

When you are taking warfarin, you're more prone to bleeding, even in activities with which you are familiar.

Change how you take warfarin, taking certain medications and eating certain foods can change the way warfarin works in your body. If this occurs, you may be more likely to have clotting or bleeding problems. Never discontinue medication or change the dose without consulting your doctor.

If you are taking warfarin:

• Take your medicine as prescribed by your doctor

• Consult your doctor to learn what to do if you forget a dose

• You need to do blood tests often to make sure you are taking the right dose

The doctor will prescribe to use compression stockings on both legs or one. Compression stockings improve blood flow in the legs and reduce the risk of blood clots. It is important to use them every day.

In rare cases, surgery may be needed if medicines do not work. Surgery may involve:

• Placement of a filter body in greater vein to prevent blood clots from moving into the lungs

• Removal of a large blood clot from the vein or injection of thrombolytic medications

Prevention

Use compression stockings if your doctor has prescribed. They improve blood flow in your legs and reduce the risk of blood clots.

Doctors may prescribe blood thinners to help prevent DVT in people at high risk or those who are being subjected to a high-risk surgery.

Move your legs often during long plane trips or car or in other situations in which you are sitting or lying down for long periods can help prevent DVT. People at high risk for blood clots may need heparin injections when they are on a flight that lasts more than 4 hours.

Do not smoke. If you smoke, quit. Women who are taking birth control pills or estrogen must stop smoking.

Hemorrhoids

Synonyms: Lump in the rectum, rectal nodule

Hemorrhoids are painful swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus.

Treatment

The treatment for hemorrhoids include:

• ointments with steroids sold without a prescription to help reduce pain and swelling

• Ointments for hemorrhoids with lidocaine to help reduce pain

• Emollients that help reduce stress and constipation

Lotion made from the bark of witch hazel (applied with cotton swabs) can reduce itching. Other precautions to reduce itching include:

• Wear cotton underwear.

• Avoid scented toilet paper or colored (using perfumed handkerchiefs instead).

• Avoid scratching the area.

Sitz baths can help you feel better. Sit in warm water for 10 to 15 minutes.

If your hemorrhoids do not improve with home treatments, you may need some kind of heat treatment to reduce hemorrhoids. It is called infrared coagulation. This may help to avoid surgery.

The surgery can be performed for the treatment of hemorrhoids include band ligation or hemorrhoidectomy. These procedures are generally used in patients with severe pain or bleeding who have not responded to other treatments.

Prevention

Constipation and straining during defecation increase the risk of hemorrhoids. To avoid constipation and hemorrhoids, you should:

• Drink plenty of fluids, at least eight glasses a day.

• Follow a diet with high fiber content of fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

• contemplate the use of fiber supplements.

• Use emollients to avoid stress.

Hypoglycemia

Synonyms: Clash of insulin, low blood sugar

Hypoglycemia is a problem that occurs when the level of blood sugar (glucose) is very low.

When the level of blood sugar is less than 70 mg / dL, it is considered low. Blood sugar levels or below that this condition may cause damage.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the cause.

If you are diabetic, check your blood sugar when symptoms of low blood sugar. If your blood sugar is low (70 mg / dL), you need to treat immediately.

Eat something that has around 15 grams of carbohydrates. Eg

• 3 tablets glucose

• Half cup (120 ml) of fruit juice or regular soda

• 5 or 6 bullets

• 1 tablespoon of sugar dissolved in water or pure

• 1 tablespoon honey or syrup

Wait 15 minutes before eating anything else. Be careful not to overeat. This can cause high levels of blood sugar and weight gain.

Check your blood glucose again.

• If you do not feel better within 15 minutes and the glucose is still low (less than 70 mg / dL), eat something that has around 15 grams of carbs again.

• You may need to eat something containing carbohydrates and protein, if your blood sugar is in a safe range (greater than 70 mg / dL) and missing more than an hour for the next meal.

If procedures to increase the level of blood sugar do not work, call your doctor immediately.

People with acute hypoglycemia are treated with glucose injections or the hormone glucagon. Immediate treatment is needed to prevent serious complications or death.

If hypoglycemia is caused by an insulinoma (tumor that produces insulin), surgery to remove the tumor is the best treatment.

Prevention

If you are diabetic, follow medical recommendations about diet, medications and exercise.

Preventing the fall in the level of blood sugar is better than treating it. When you exercise, check your blood sugar level. Always have a snack to take insulin or other medication that lowers the level of blood sugar.

Ask your doctor or nurse if you need a snack before bedtime to avoid falling blood sugar during the night. Protein foods are best.

Do not drink alcohol without food. If you drink, have a drink or two at most.

The physician may recommend changing the supply so that the same amounts of sugar are ingested during the day. It may be recommended to small frequent meals containing complex carbohydrates, fiber and fats, and avoid simple sugars, alcohol and fruit juices.

Make meals at regular times. Eat foods extras when you exercise demics.

If you have a history of hypoglycemia, you always have a snack or drink with sugar. Eat snack once symptoms appear.

Labyrinthitis

Synonyms: Dizziness, vertigo, Inflammation of the labyrinth

Labyrinthitis is an ear disorder that includes irritation and swelling of the inner ear.

Treatment

Labyrinthitis usually goes away in a few weeks. Treatment involves reducing symptoms such as the sensation of spinning. Among the drugs that can reduce the symptoms of labyrinthitis are:

• Antihistamines

• Corticoids as prednisone when symptoms are severe

• Medications such as compazine to control nausea and vomiting

• Medicines to relieve dizziness such as meclizine or scopolamine

• sedative hypnotics like Valium

Persistent problems of balance may improve with physical therapy. To prevent the symptoms of labyrinthitis worsen during episodes of labyrinthitis, try the following:

• Stay still and rest when symptoms appear.

• Return to activity gradually.

• Avoid sudden changes of position.

• Do not try to read when symptoms arise.

• Avoid bright lights.

When symptoms of labyrinthitis occur, may be required walking aids. Avoid hazardous activities such as driving, operating heavy machinery, and climbing up to a week after symptoms disappear.

Prevention

The immediate treatment of respiratory infections and ear may help prevent labyrinthitis.

Burnout syndrome

Burnout syndrome is a disorder of psychological depressive character, preceded by intense mental and physical exhaustion, defined by Herbert J. Freudenberger as "(...) a state of physical and mental exhaustion whose cause is closely tied to professional life."

Prevention

Considering that Burnout is a psychosocial stress related to certain conditions and work organization, it is important to identify their risk factors so that they can think of appropriate interventions to prevent, reduce or eliminate the Burnout Syndrome. With regard to the employee, this review should consider? their coping strategies to stressful situations, seeking to share their difficulties with superiors, colleagues, friends and family. A balanced life, with leisure activity and healthy living habits, also helps in preventing the syndrome.

Accordingly the worker must:

One. Have positive attitudes toward work: (a) compliment people serving on their progress in developing positive relationships with them, (b) seek to maintain confidence even when failures occur, (c) keep in mind that meet / assist people is your job, so this is a professional situation (d) seek to adjust attitudes and expectations according to each case and situation. The professional is not solely responsible for the welfare of serving.

2nd. Manage time appropriately: (a) establish realistic goals and flexible, (b) establish priorities among tasks, (c) dominate the pace of work, (d) enjoy free time pleasantly, having clear that free time is not only rest but rewarding perform activities.

3rd. Define responsibilities: (a) clearly define the functional, (b) use all available resources to work, (c) have adequate knowledge & control over your desktop, (and) ask for help both from a technical standpoint as emotional.

4th. Staying open: (a) to make changes in the workplace, (b) modifying the working methods (c) request feedback on how their work is being carried out and, as a result, accept changes and suggestions.

5th. Keep up to date: (a) pursue the courses, seminars and discussion groups, (b) improve communication skills and interpersonal relationships.

6th. Taking care of yourself: a) caring for others depends on their care, (b) remember that you are an important part of the professional relationship / client but not the only, (c) remember that your physical and mental health is your responsibility, part of their instrumental work. Always have in mind that you chose this profession.

Treatment

There are different forms of intervention at the individual level, however, it is important to note its limitations and may even mask the problem because of the consensus that Burnout has its roots in work organization. There are important warnings about consequences when thinking about interventions directed solely to the worker. This focus of intervention no doubt that benefits the worker, even if temporarily, however, may reinforce the misconception that this is a problem of the individual and it is up to your solution, reinforcing their sense of failure, isolation and low self-esteem. Intervention should focus on work organization, embodiment and broader social context. Burnout is not an intrapsychic phenomenon, but psychosocial.

In suspected cases of illness, the employee should seek medical and psychological help to perform the appropriate diagnosis, given that Burnout symptoms and difficulties similar to other pathologies labor. If the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment is usually accomplished through cognitive behavioral therapy with a focus on coping mechanisms for stressful situations at work.

PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

It is as common as unknown. Although many women suffer with premenstrual syndrome - PMS or simply - every month, this problem seems not to be fully understood, whether in relation its symptoms, prevention and treatment. To get an idea, about 30% of women complaining of PMS, and the discomforts are not just physical, such as abdominal discomfort. Irritability, high sensitivity and an uncontrollable urge to consume sweets are some examples of their emotional symptoms.

"Research indicates that there is an intimate relationship between female sex hormones, endorphins (natural substances linked to feelings of pleasure) and neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which explain the symptoms and their severity in approximately 8% of women," clarifies the gynecologist Rosa Maria Neme (CRM SP-87844), Doctor of Medicine in the area of ​​gynecology at the University of São Paulo and Director of the Center for Endometriosis São Paulo.

However, for those suffering from menstrual cramps during the expert gives a warning: "This symptom may be related to other problems such as endometriosis, for example, but does not represent a typical change triggered by the TPM."

Prevention

How to avoid or reduce the sudden changes in mood and in the female body? To control the TPM, the ideal is to maintain a balanced life and perform regular aerobic exercise. "We know that the practice exercises, and relieve stress, keeps the hormone levels more stable and thus avoid abrupt changes of mood," he explains.

Another point that should be considered important is food. PMS symptoms that occur approximately 10 days prior to menstruation, can be caused by low calcium and vitamin B6 in the body. Thus, calcium-rich foods such as milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream (skim versions and less greasy). Fish, salmon, green vegetables are also important.

Other foods such as bananas, potatoes, lentils, meat, whole grains, green vegetables, pineapple, mango and corn are good sources of vitamin B6. Foods high in fiber, such as fruits and vegetables in general, r can also help in decreasing the levels of estrogen in this phase of the menstrual cycle, improving the symptoms of PMS.

"Foods with a diuretic, rich in essential fatty acids, found in evening primrose oil and ginko biloba, green tea, fruit with diuretic as watermelon, melon and artichoke can help combat swelling at this stage. Stimulants like tea, coffee and chocolate should be avoided during this period. "

Treatment

Currently, the use of hormonal methods that block menstruation, such as intrauterine system treated with progesterone and the use of new generation of contraceptive pills that have the progesterone hormone with diuretic, have been considered the new weapons to combat the problem.

"Treatments with vitamins, herbal, and even more potent medications such as antidepressants, are also part of medical indications. This will depend on the severity of symptoms. Psychotherapy can also help a lot, that this is prescribed by the doctor. Currently, a new contraceptive that provides natural estrogen (estradiol valerate) instead of synthetic (ethinyl estradiol) may also be an important weapon in the fight against TPM "

Gastritis

Gastritis occurs when the stomach lining becomes inflamed or swollen.

Gastritis can last for a short time (acute gastritis) or can last from months to years (chronic gastritis).

Treatment

The treatment for gastritis depends on the specific cause. Some of the causes may fade over time.

You may need to stop taking certain medications that can cause gastritis, but talk to your doctor first.

You can use another counter medicine or controlled to decrease the amount of acid in the stomach, such as:

• Antacids

• H2 antagonists: famotidine, cimetidine, ranitidine and nizatidine

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) - omeprazo, esomeprazole, iansoprazol, pantoprazole and rabeprazole

Antacids can be used to treat chronic gastritis caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.

Prevention

Avoid irritants for long periods, such as analgesics, anti-inflammatory or alcohol.

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, and thin transparent membrane which covers the front of the eye (the white of the eye) and the inside of the eyelid. In general, attacks both eyes, can last from a week to 15 days and often does not leave sequelae. It can be acute or chronic, affect one eye or both.

Treatment

The treatment of conjunctivitis is determined by causative agent of the disease. For viral conjunctivitis there are no specific medications. Now, treatment of conjunctivitis include bacterial indication of antibiotic eye drops, which should be prescribed by a physician, since some drops are highly contraindicated because it can cause serious complications and aggravate the condition.

Special care with hygiene help control infection and disease progression. Whatever the case, however, it is essential to wash the eyes and compresses with ice water, which must be filtered and boiled, or with saline bought in pharmacies or distributed in health centers.

Prevention

• Avoid clumps or pools attend gyms or clubs

• Washing often the face and hands, since these vehicles are important in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms

• Do not rub your eyes

• Use paper towels to wipe his face and hands or wash the towels everyday fabric

• Replace the pillowcases from pillows daily, as long as the crisis

• Do not share the use of sponges, mascara, eyeliner or any other beauty product

• Do not automedique.

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a specific form of acquired leukoderma of unknown cause, in which other causes were excluded.

It is a disease characterized by skin lesions of hypopigmentation, namely white spots on the skin with a distribution characteristic. There is a strong social stigma associated with the disease in some populations, particularly in blacks and in India, where patients with vitiligo are often marginalized.

Treatment

The treatment of vitiligo is always difficult and the appropriate therapy is chosen depending on the location and extent of injuries, the duration and even the type of behavior and reaction to doença.Caso the face (s) area (s) of depigmentation is (m) very extensive (s), is often opts for depigment the area of ​​healthy skin, to standardize the color groups - for this may be used cream hydroquinone.

Conversely, when the white spots are of small or medium dimensions, choice should be repigmentation. The most used method is the use of psoralens, by general or topical, whose function is to change the threshold of skin sensitivity to light being gradually increased exposure time daily until the appearance of redness.

This treatment is prolonged, ranging from several weeks to six months. Sometimes, the skin tone repigmentada is irregular, especially at the face. In some patients, the favorable results have PUVA method, in which the patient is irradiated with ultraviolet light.

The topical steroids or systemic allows also occasionally good results. However, should weigh up the side effects of this medication.

In some countries there are referral centers specializing in the treatment of vitiligo, which used different methods, with particular emphasis on phototherapy. The makeup has also been used for some patients, to mask areas of vitiligo which do not yield to therapy.

Prevention

As with most diseases of unknown cause, there are ways to prevent vitiligo. Since there is a family history in 30% of cases, family members of affected individuals may perform a periodic surveillance of the skin and use the doctor if injuries arise hypopigmentation, in order to detect the disease early, enabling start therapy immediately.

In patients diagnosed with vitiligo should avoid the factors that can precipitate the appearance of new spots or enhance existing ones, especially avoid using tight clothing, or to cause friction or pressure on the skin and reduce sun exposure as well as acquire knowledge to deal with stress.

Apnea

 Sleep apnea can be a worrying concern for many and for many reasons. This sleep disorder can be a catalyst for secondary medical conditions, or become a secondary condition. Canadian Lung Association provides detailed and useful information about sleep apnea and its causes and treatment options, and changes in lifestyle.

What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

The most common type of sleep apnea is called obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by short pauses in breathing during sleep. The apnea progresses as deepens your sleep, and continues throughout a night's sleep.

When one first relaxes during sleep, seems quiet - breathing is quiet and calm. Soon the snoring starts, and becomes progressively louder ones beside breathing which becomes increasingly difficult. This is where the airways become partially blocked, and that the cycle of events begin and continue or apnea, the airway can block completely, keeping the air in the lungs varying periods of time.

Treatment

Exercise, maintain a healthy weight and diet are key in the management of symptoms of apnea is obstructive sleep apnea, sleep apnea or other. Those with this sleep disorder often use Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine (CPAP) and mask while sleeping.

The CPAP machine is coupled with a tube attached with a mask that fits over the nose, to be used during sleep. The delivery tube of a predetermined level, individualized regulated air pressure and air flow to the respiratory tract, to help ensure that the airway remains open.

Visit your doctor for more information, or read more about the CPAP machine and other treatment options for less severe apnea, visiting the Canadian Lung Association online.

Prevention

The most effective methods of prevention for this sleep disorder are the maintenance of a healthy weight, eating a healthy diet and participating in regular exercise. If you have been diagnosed with sleep apnea and are receiving treatment (using a CPAP) remains the treatment, and their healthy lifestyles.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a skin disorder that causes scaly patches and swelling. The bottom skin cells grow and rise to the surface few. This process of skin renewal lasts around a month. With psoriasis this takes place in only a few days because the cells rise too fast and pile up on the surface.

Treatment

Treatment of psoriasis depends on factors such as:

* Severity of the disease.

* Size of patches of psoriasis.

* Type of psoriasis.

* How the patient reacts to certain treatments.

Not all treatments for psoriasis have the same results for all. The doctor may change your treatment if it does not work or if there is backlash.

Topical treatment for psoriasis

Topical treatments for psoriasis, those applied to the skin via creams can:

* Help reduce swelling.

* Delete the immune system.

* Find the peeling skin and unclog pores.

Light therapy for treatment of psoriasis

Ultraviolet light from the sun natural and artificial are used to treat psoriasis. This treatment uses a combination of medication (to make the skin more sensitive) and ultraviolet light.

Systemic treatment for psoriasis

If psoriasis is severe, the doctor may prescribe medication or give it by injection. This is called systemic treatment. Antibiotics are not used to treat psoriasis unless bacteria worsen the disease

Combination therapy for treatment of psoriasis

When the doctor uses a combination of topical treatment, systemic and light, makes geralmenteo with lower doses of each.

Prevention

Psoriasis is a skin disease that is genetically determined family history in 70% of cases. Its causes are not yet fully understood but it is known that it is possible to prevent further injuries and prevent its reappearance to avoid certain situations, such as cold weather, stress and take medicines.

Therefore, the prevention of further bouts of psoriasis can be made as follows:

• Avoid exposure to the sun excessively, since sunburn can harm the skin and trigger a new outbreak of the disease;

• avoid viral infections such as influenza that may lead for example to the onset of psioríase because of the vulnerability of the immune system;

• Avoid stressful situations, such as family conflict, overwork and sudden changes in routine;

• Avoid drugs like alcohol and cigarettes;

• Avoid cold weather whenever possible, since psoriasis may worsen in winter;

• Avoid physical or emotional trauma;

• Avoid taking medications such as antimalarials, which contain lithium, beta-blockers and some NSAIDs and

• Having a good diet, investing in food consumption and orange foods rich in omega 3.

Another good tip is to exercise regularly, which in addition to strengthening muscles, joints and the immune system, can de-stress and calm the mind.

Psoriasis is a chronic, non-contagious, which is characterized by the presence of whitish or reddish spots on the skin. His treatment does not lead to cure, but as prevention methods help maintain disease control.

Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease or Parkinson's disease, first described in 1817 by James Parkinson, is characterized by a progressive disorder of movement due to dysfunction of the dopamine secreting neurons in the basal ganglia that control and adjust the transmission of commands coming conscious cerebral cortex to the muscles of the human body. Not only dopaminergic neurons are involved, but other structures that produce serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine are involved in the genesis of the disease. The name "Parkinson" was suggested just to name a disease by the great French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, as a tribute to James Parkinson.

Parkinson's disease is idiopathic, ie is a primary disease of obscure cause. There cell death and degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. It is therefore a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, usually beginning after age 50. It is one of the most frequent neurological diseases since its prevalence is between 80 and 160 cases per hundred thousand inhabitants, affecting approximately 1% of individuals over 65 years of age.

It is possible that Parkinson's disease is linked to subtle defects in the enzymes involved in the degradation of proteins alfanucleína and / ouparkina (in Parkinsonism genetic defect is in the gene itself or alfanucleína parkin and is most severe). These defects lead to accumulation of these proteins inclusions throughout life (in the form of Lewy bodies visible by microscopic) and translate in the death of neurons that express these proteins (only dopamine) or its dysfunction during aging . Parkinsonism is characterized therefore by the dysfunction or death of dopamine-producing neurons in the central nervous system. The primary site of cellular degeneration in the substantia nigra parkinsonism is present at the base of the midbrain.

Although more common in the elderly, the disease can also appear in young people. A British 23 year old has been diagnosed with Parkinson's and their symptoms began with a small tremor in the hand at 19 years of age.

Psychological Treatment

90% of people with Parkinson's also suffer from another psychiatric disorder at some point. Depending on the case both these disorders may have contributed to the development as being a consequence of the disease or even not having a direct relationship, these three possibilities has scientific basis. But regardless of whether they cause, consequence or coincidental, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and anxiety disorders often cause great losses in the quality of life of patients and their families. The most common disorder was the Blue Devils, identified in 32% of cases, and responsible for serious engine problems, sleep, eating and pain.

Several psychiatric drugs, including the most widely used anti-depressant (fluoxetine) may worsen symptoms of Parkinson underscore the importance of monitoring done by psychologists to improve the quality of life of patients and their caregivers especially. Several major cities have health services aimed at the elderly and include psychological support services to people with Parkinson's and their caregivers as the Parkinson Association Brazil: the ABRAZ: and the Portuguese Association of Patients with Parkinson's.

How antidepressants worsen the patient's functionality is an option transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) but it is expensive and difficult to access. A similar option is more affordable and electroconvulsive therapy.

Physiotherapy treatment

The physical therapy works in all stages of Parkinson's, to improve muscle strength, coordination and balance. The patient with Parkinson generally is subject to respiratory infections, which occur more with bedridden patients. In these cases physiotherapy operates in the maintenance of bronchial hygiene, stimulus cough, breathing exercises reexpansivos. In more serious cases, where there is involvement of the respiratory muscles, is indicated treatment with mechanical ventilation equipment and mechanical ventilators, noninvasive, aiming the optimization of ventilation, with consequent improvement in respiratory distress.

Clinical evidence of the effects of exercise or rehabilitation for individuals with PD are usually associated with interventions that are likely to impact on clinical scales - staging Hoehn and Yahr, UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) - or functional limitations - walking, climbing / down stairs, getting out of bed / chair, fall prevention (CRIZZLE and Newhouse, 2006). The training muscular endurance and balance increased muscle strength, posture and spatial orientation of patients with PD (Hirsch et al., 2003). Training on a treadmill (MIYAI et al, 2002), physiotherapy (NIEWBOER et al., 2001) and adapted sports (KURODA et al., 1992) decreased disease severity by UPDRS. PD patients exercisers had lower mortality rates than sedentary (REUTER et al., 1997).

In several clinical studies was observed slight male predominance, but there are some questions on how to select the patients. In studies that estimated the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease was not demonstrated a significant difference in relation to gender on the risk of contracting the disease. The increase in life expectancy did not change significantly the number of PD patients, the disease prevalence remained fairly stable since the beginning of the century.

Prevention

The idiopathic Parkinson's disease and is still not known what causes specific, so there is no preventive measures in this case. Some studies indicate that the use of antioxidants such as vitamin E and vitamin C help prevent oxidative stress and neuron degeneration. Furthermore, clinical practice shows that the use of selegiline in the onset of disease helps to slow its progression. It is important that physicians be aware of before using any medicine.

Alzheimer

Alzheimer's disease, or Alzheimer's disease or simply Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia. This degenerative disease, yet incurable and terminal was first described in 1906 by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, who inherited the name. This disease usually commits people over 65, although its diagnosis is also possible in people younger than this age.

In 2006 the number of Alzheimer's patients was diagnosed about 26.6 million people worldwide.

Each patient suffering from Alzheimer's disease single form but are in common, e.g. most common primary symptom is loss of memory. Often the first symptoms as aforesaid who are confused with aging problems or stress. When it is suspected Alzheimer patient is subjected to a series of cognitive tests. With advancing disease are appearing new symptoms such as confusion, irritability and aggression, mood swings, language failures, loss of long term memory and the patient begins to detach himself from reality. Its motor functions begin to be lost and the patient will die. Before becoming fully apparent the developing alzheimer vai up for an indefinite period of time and can remain unseen for years. Less than three percent of those diagnosed live longer than 40 years after diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment aims to comfort the patient and delay as much as possible the evolution of the disease. Some drugs are useful early in the disease, and the dose should be personalized. Are the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, drugs that inhibit the enzyme responsible for the degradation of acetylcholine produced and released by a nucleus in the brain stem (nucleus basalis of Meynert). The deficiency of acetylcholine is considered epiphenomenon of Alzheimer's disease, but not the only biochemical event / pathophysiological occurs. More recently, a group of drugs known as inhibitors of type receptors NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate entered the market, already existing in Europe for over a decade. Memantine is such drugs, and its action occurs by the inhibition of the binding of glutamate excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system receptors. Glutamate is responsible for excitotoxic reactions with free radicals and tissue injury and neuronal. There is a maxim in medicine that says that a disease can be intractable, but not the patient.

Recently, a study was able to develop a way to reverse some symptoms of Alzheimer's in minutes.

Prevention

All studies of measures to prevent or delay the effects of Alzheimer's are often fruitless. Nowadays, there appear to be any evidence to believe that it's definitely a preventive measure against alzheimer successful. However, studies indicate relationships between modifiable factors such as diet, cardiovascular risk, use of pharmaceuticals or intellectual activities and the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's population. But only further research, including clinical trials reveal whether, in fact, these factors can help prevent Alzheimer. The inclusion of fruit and vegetables, bread, wheat and other cereals, olive oil, fish, and red wine, may reduce the risk of Alzheimer. Some vitamins such as B12, B3, B9 C or studies were associated with lower risk for alzheimer but other studies indicate that they have no significant effect on the onset or development of disease and may have side effects. Some spices such as Curcumin and turmeric have shown success in preventing brain degeneration in mice. The cardiovascular risk, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes and smoking are associated with an increased risk in the development of the disease, statins (drugs for lowering cholesterol) were not successful in preventing or ameliorating the patient's conditions during the development of the disease. However, the long term use of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory steroids), is also associated with a lower probability of developing Alzheimer's disease in some individuals. He no longer believes that other pharmaceutical treatments such as hormone replacement female aa prevent disease. In 2007 an extensive study concluded that there was inconsistent and unconvincing evidence that ginkgo has any positive effect on reducing the likelihood of alzheimer. Intellectual activities such as reading, playing board games (chess, checkers, etc..), Completing crossword puzzles, playing musical instruments, or regular socialization can also delay the onset or severity of alzheimer. Other studies have shown that too much exposure to magnetic fields increase the risk of alzheimer's, working with metals, especially aluminum. The credibility of some of these studies has been questioned even because other studies have found minimal relationship between environmental issues and the development of Alzheimer's.

Goitre

The goiter is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland plays important roles in the body, she participates in the control of metabolism and produces hormones.

In people who have goiter can verfivicar an elevation of this gland in the neck. This disease affects about 10% of the population and is more common in women between forty and fifty years.

Treatment and Prevention

The best treatment for the disease will be decided by the doctor. Treatment may include drugs since to surgery to remove the thyroid in some cases. After some types of treatments may be necessary hormone replacement.

Consumption of iodized salt is a good way to prevent diseases, people who present cases of goiter in the family should see a doctor regularly. Also another form of prevention is to avoid exposing the thyroid to radiation.

Muscular Dystrophy

The term muscular dystrophy refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles used for voluntary movement. These diseases range in age of onset, severity, and pattern of the affected muscles. All forms of muscular dystrophy get worse as muscles progressively degenerate and weaken. Most patients eventually lose the ability to walk.

Some types of muscular dystrophy also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, endocrine glands, spine, eyes, brain and other organs. Respiratory and heart diseases are common, and some patients may develop swallowing problems. Muscular dystrophy is not contagious and can not be acquired through injury or some activity.

Causes

All types are inherited muscular dystrophy and involve mutation of one of thousands of genes that program proteins, which are critical for muscle integrity. The body cells do not function properly when proteins are affected or produced in insufficient quantities. Many cases of muscular dystrophy occur as a result of spontaneous mutation, which is not found in the genes of either parent, and this defect can be passed to the next generation. Genes contain coded messages that determine the characteristics of a person and are arranged in 23 pairs of chromosomes with half of each pair inherited from each parent.

Muscular dystrophy can be inherited in three ways:

* Autosomal dominant inheritance occurs when a child receives a normal gene from one parent and the other I flawed. It's called "dominant" because only one parent needs to pass one abnormal gene to produce muscular dystrophy. In families where one parent carries the defective gene dominate, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting it, and thereby develop muscular dystrophy. Men and women have equal risk and severity of the disease varies from person to person.

* Inheritance Autosomal recessive means that both parents must carry and pass the defective gene. Every parent has a defective gene, but do not develop muscular dystrophy. Children in these families have a 25% chance of inheriting both copies of the defective gene and thus develop the disease, and 50% chance of inheriting only one gene and thereby develop muscular dystrophy but not be able to pass this defective gene to the next generation . Children of both sexes can be affected by this inheritance pattern.

* Sex-linked recessive inheritance occurs when a mother carries the gene affected in one of two X chromosomes and is the son (men always inherit the X chromosome from the mother and father of Y, while women inherit the X chromosome from both parents) . Men whose mothers carriers have a 50% chance of inheriting the disease. Women of surrogate mothers daughters have a 50% chance of inheriting the defective gene, but usually do not develop the disease since the X chromosome inherited from the father can compensate defective. Women with the defective gene may occasionally exhibit mild symptoms of muscular dystrophy.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment that can stop or reverse the progression of any type of muscular dystrophy. All forms of muscular dystrophy are genetic and can not be prevented. Treatment for muscular dystrophy patient seeks to maintain the independent as long as possible and prevent complications resulting from weakness, reduced mobility and heart and respiratory difficulties. Treatment may involve a combination of actions such as physical therapy, medication and surgery.

Assisted ventilation is often required to treat respiratory weakness that accompanies many forms of muscular dystrophy, especially in the later stages. Therapy with medications may be prescribed to delay muscle degeneration. However, medicines can have side effects such as weight gain and bone fragility that can be problematic especially for children. Antibiotics can be used to treat respiratory infections.

Therapy can help prevent deformities, improve handling and keep the muscles as flexible and strong as possible. Physical therapy should begin as soon as possible after diagnosis, before it occurs rigidity of muscles and joints.

Changes in diet showed no effect in decreasing the progression of muscular dystrophy. However, proper nutrition is essential for overall health. The limitation of mobility resulting from muscle weakness may contribute to obesity, dehydration and constipation. A diet with fewer carbohydrates and high in fiber eproteínas, combined with appropriate fluid intake, can help. Patients with muscular dystrophy have trouble swallowing or breathing, and those who have lost the ability to walk independently, should be monitored for signs of malnutrition.

Occupational therapy can help some patients cope with progressive weakness and loss of mobility. Some people may need to learn new jobs and other tasks, while others need to switch jobs. Help may include technological changes in the arrangement of home and work, as well as use of motorized wheelchair, wheelchair accessories and utensils adaptados.Cirurgia corrective is often done to relieve the complications of muscular dystrophy.